CS 6460A

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Prof. Janet L. Kolodner

Fall, 1999

Tuesday and Thursday, 12:00 to 1:30; College of Computing, Room 102

Email: jlk@cc.gatech.edu, allyana@cc.gatech.edu

Office: GCATT Building, 250 14th St., Room 238

Office hours: CoC Building, Room 238, Tuesdays: 11 to 12, 3 to 4; Thursdays: 1:30 to 3:30

Phone: 404-894-3285

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Text: Papers will be made available outside of College of Computing, Room 238, to be copied by students; many papers will also be available on-line at the library; in addition, students will examine several websites

Office hours: in 238 College of Computing Building; times listed above. Or send email to set up an appointment.

Announcements:

8/23/99: Go to http://xenex.cc.gatech.edu:8080/edtech99, our classroom discussion area (called a Swiki or Co-Web). We will be using the Co-Web throughout the quarter. The technology, built by Mark Guzdial, based on software developed at Apple, allows us to create and write web pages and organize them as we see fit. Your first assignment involves writing on those pages. If you want, visit http://sectry.cc.gatech.edu:8080/edt or http://xenex.cc.gatech.edu:8080/ed tech (discussion areas from last year and the year before) to see how we’ve used them in the past.

The course has five parts:

• Philosophies: What are the major schools of thought on how educational technology should be implemented and the roles it should play? What do each of them advise, and on what basis?

• Technologies: How can technology be used well for educational purposes (a sampling, including multimedia, collaboration technologies, case libraries, simulations, microworlds)? How are people using those technologies? What do we know about what makes a given technology effective?

• Learning: How does learning work? How can one facilitate learning?

• Designing educational environments: Given a learning situation, what roles might technology play? How can we decide that? What technologies? What dimensions should we take into account when designing technology? What things impact whether a given technology will work? What contexts allow effective use of technology for learning? What role does the teacher need to take to make it effective? What other players and materials, beyond the teacher and the technology, are needed to make it all come together? How can we make decisions about those things?

• Evaluation? What does it mean for an educational technology to be successful? How can we measure that? What variables should we use? What methods for evaluation should we use (e.g., classroom study, interviews, log files, design experiments)?

As well, you’ll be using several home-grown pieces of educational software throughout the course (the Co-Web and SMILE) and be looking at and playing with software developed by other learning sciences research groups throughout the country.

Dimensions of educational environments that we'll focus on throughout the course are (i) the tasks learners are involved in and the cognition involved in doing those tasks; (ii) the cognition of learning, especially learning by doing (active learning from experience); (iii) social interactions in the environment and their impact on learning; and (iv) the role of the teacher and interactions between teacher, students, and technology.

Our focus will be on technology that enhances construction of one’s own understanding of concepts and skills and that promotes learning from hands-on activities.

 

Course objectives:

Throughout, we will look at examples of educational technologies, their uses, and their results, as well as the philosophies governing them. By end of course, students will be able to:

1. Identify the aims and values of the major schools of thought in educational technology, and be able to classify others' research in terms of these schools of thought.

2. Describe some educational technology initiatives in terms of their educational objectives, technologies chosen, and the reasons particular technologies were chosen and identify some of the most prominent leaders and groups in educational software design.

3. Identify dimensions of the educational setting that impact the success or failure of educational technology.

4. Describe the trade-offs of various evaluation and assessment goals and techniques.

5. Identify several variables impacting the success of educational software and methods for measuring or studying those variables.

6. Describe a technology solution to an education problem and the way that technology should be integrated into the learning environment, and identify the factors that will impact the success or failure of the technology.

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Course Requirements:

• Readings: There will be a reading for almost every class meeting. Everyone is expected to read assigned articles.

• Participation in Discussion: Most class meetings will be a discussion of the assigned papers. Students are expected to participate in discussions.

• Homework papers: Individual papers are required on topics announced here.

• Group design project: Group projects (required minimum of two people) where students will design (on paper) an educational technology, justify their designs in terms of objectives and dimensions of the educational environment, and identify factors that will impact its success or failure.

 

Course outline:

(Dates and readings subject to some change)

Weeks 1 & 2: August 24 and 26; August 31 and Sept. 2;

Getting started; experience with some educational software

 

For August 26:

• Guzdial, M. & Weingarten, F., Setting a CS Research Agenda, National Science Foundation Publication, 1997

• LBD team, Apollo 13: The Launcher Unit. pp. 39-42.

• Sadhana Puntambekar, Kris Nagel,, Roland Hubscher, Mark Guzdial & Janet L. Kolodner, "Intra-group and Intergroup: An Exploration of Learning with Complementary Collaboration Tools," Proceedings of Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL-97), 1997.

• Janet L. Kolodner and Kristine Nagel, "The Design Discussion Area: A Collaborative Learning Tool in Support of Learning from Problem-Solving and Design Activities," Proceedings of CSCL-99.

 

For August 31:

• Greeno, James, Collins, Allan M. & Resnick, Lauren B., "Cognition and Learning," The Handbook of Educational Psychology, pp. 15 - 26.

• Janet L. Kolodner, David Crismond, Jackie Gray, Jennifer Holbrook & Sadhana Puntambekar, "Learning by Design from Theory to Practice," Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Learning Sciences (ICLS-98), 1998.

 

For Sept. 2:

• Amnon Shabo, Kris Nagel, Mark Guzdial & Janet L. Kolodner, "JavaCAP: A Collaborative Case Authoring Program on the World-Wide Web," Proceedings of CSCL-97.

Note: the Puntamekar, Kolodner, and Shabo articles listed above can be found on line at: http://www.cc.gatech.edu/edutech/projects/lbdpubs.html.

Weeks 3 and 4: Sept 7 and 9; Sept 14 and 16;

Philosophies of education and approaches to design of educational software

 

Cognitive Apprenticeship (Sept. 7):

• "Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the Crafts of Reading, Writing, and Mathematics," Allan Collins, John Seely Brown, Susan E. Newman. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, learning, and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaser (pp. 453-494). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989.

 

Case-Based Reasoning, Problem-Based Learning (Sept. 9):

• "Educational Implications of Analogy: A View from Case-Based Reasoning," Janet L. Kolodner, American Psychologist, Vol. 52, No. 1, Jan., 1997.

• Ram, Preetha -- needed on Sept. 2

• Something on goal-based scenerios

 

Constructionism :

• "Situating Constructionism," in Constructionism, Seymour Papert, Ablex Publishing

• "Software Design as a Learning Environment," Idit Harel and Seymour Papert, Interactive Learning Environments 1, 1-32 (1990)

 

Cognitive Tutors:

• "Cognitive Tutors: Lessons Learned," John R. Anderson, Albert T. Corbett, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Ray Pelletier, Journal of the Learning Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 2, pgs. 167-207

 

Week 5; Sept. 21 and 23;

Educational software 1: reading the websites, playing with the software

 

Week 6: Sept. 28 and 30

Technology 1: Multimedia, collaboration technology

 

Multimedia:

• "Learning with Media," Robert B. Kozma, ????, Summer 1991, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 179-211

• "Will media influence learning?" Robert B. Kozma,

 

Collaboration technology:

• "The Day After Net Day: Approaches to Educational Use of the Internet," Amy Bruckman - draft 2/98.

• Koschmann,, chapter 1 of Koschmann, T. (Ed.) Computer Support for Collaborative Learning.

• Kolodner, J. L. & Guzdial, M, final chapter of Koschmann, T. (Ed.) Computer Support for Collaborative Learning.

 

Week 7: Oct. 5 and 7

Educational software 2: reading the websites, playing with the software

 

Week 8: Oct. 12 and 14

Technology 2: Case libraries, students as programmers

 

Case libraries:

• Kolodner, J. L. & Guzdial, M. — CBR chapter

 

Students as programmers:

• Pianos, not stereos — needed Oct. 7; get from Amy

 

Week 9: Oct. 19 and 21

Learning revisited: Implications for design of learning environments

 

• "Situated Learning and Education," John R. Anderson, Lynne M. Reder, Herbert A. Simon, Educational Researcher, May, 1996.

• "On Claims that Answer the Wrong Questions," James G. Greeno, Educational Researcher, January/February, 1997, pgs. 5-17.

• reply, John R. Anderson, Lynne M. Reder, Herbert A. Simon, Educational Researcher, Jan/Feb, 1997, pgs. 18- 21.

• Greeno, James, Collins, Allan M. & Resnick, Lauren B., "Cognition and Learning," The Handbook of Educational Psychology (entire chapter).

 

Weeks 10 and 11: Oct. 26 and 28; Nov. 2 and 4

Designing environments for learning

 

Learner-Centered Design:

• "Learning Theory in Practice: Case Studies of Learner-Centered Design," Elliott Soloway, Shari L. Jackson, Jonathan Klein, Chris Quintana, James Reed, Jeff Spitulnik, Steven J. Stratford, Scott Studer, Susanne Jul, Jim Eng. Nancy Scala, Chi '96 Proceedings

• "Reading and Writing in the 21st Century," Elliot Soloway, Mark Guzdial and Kenneth E. Hay, Educom Review, January, 1993, Pgs. 27-28

 

Case Studies in Learner-Centered Design:

• "Goal-Based Scenarios: Case Based Reasoning Meets Learning by Doing," Roger C. Schank, The Journal of the Learning Sciences, Vol. , No. , pg. 305-345, 1993/94.

• "Software-Realized Scaffolding to Facilitate Programming for Science Learning," (http://guzdial.cc.gatech.edu/papers /), Mark Guzdial , Interactive Learning Environments, ???

• Guzdial, Mark, "Collaborative websites to support an open-authoring community on the web" (unpublished)

 The role of the teacher:

• "Computer-Tutors and Teachers: The Impact of Computer-Tutors on Classroom Social Processes," Janet Ward Schofield, Cheri L. Britt, Rebecca Eurich-Fulcer, presented at AERA, Chicago, April, 1991

• "Complementary Roles of Software-basedScaffolding and Teacher-Student Interactions in Inquiry Learning," Iris Tabak and Brian Reiser, CSCL '97 Proceedings, December 1997, pgs. 289-298

 

LCD revisited (is it different than User-Centered Design, or isn’t it?):

• Guzdial, and others: Journal of Computer Documentation – pages 3 through 24 – needed Oct. 28

 

Week 12: Nov. 9 and 11

Evaluation

 

• Walker, Neff, A Primer on evaluating your engineering education research project, (unpublished).

• "Design Experiments: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges in Creating Complex Interventions in Classroom Settings," Ann L. Brown, Journal of the Learning Sciences, Vol, 2, No. 2, pgs. 141-178, 1992.

 

 

Weeks 13 – 15 – Nov. 16 and 18; Nov. 23 and 25; Nov. 30 and Dec. 2

Presentations, iterations, summing up

 

 

Homework

Assignment 1: Who are you? Due August 26

 

Introduce yourself to the class on the Swiki (under who's who), and write about the following topics:

• Remember a particularly good educational experience you've had. Describe it. What was it that made it good? What roles did the different participants play? What did you learn?

• Remember a particularly bad educational experience you've had, one where you went into it really excited but were turned off, or one where you simply never got turned on. Describe it. What was wrong with it? Can you identify how it could have been improved?

• In what situations do you learn best?

• What are your strengths? What are your goals for yourself in this class? What kind of educational technology project might you like to work on?

 

Post your descriptions on the Swiki, and hand in a paper copy.

 

Assignment 2: Using educational software: Due during weeks 1 and 2 of class

 

You’ll be designing the very best parachute you can, working sometimes alone and sometimes with a small group, and you’ll be using the SMILE software to interact with your classmates. As you progress, you’ll use it in several different ways:

• Use Design Discussions to post the results of your experimentation and to comment on the experiments of others. Read and comment on at least six presentations.

• Use Design Discussions to post your ideas about designing your best parachute. Read and comment on the designs of at least six other groups.

• Use Design Discussions to post the results of trials with the parachute you designed. Read and comment on at least six others.

• Use Design Discussions to post your final design and results.

• Use StoryBoard Author to write about what you learned (as if you were a science student).

• On the Swiki, post a writeup of what you’ve learned about learning and the use of educational software.

Assignment 3: Due during week 5

Assignment 4: Due during week 7

Analyzing the software of others

 

During weeks 5 and 7, you’ll be exploring a selection of 10 educational research sites, looking at the software these folks have designed and reading about their educational approaches and philosophies. You’ll examine at least six of the sites, and you’ll write about two of them, presenting them well enough to your classmates so that they will feel like they have seen and understand the projects. For each:

• Describe the educational approach and the software and how it is used

• Which educational philosophies does this project follow?

• What technologies are they using, and how are they using technology?

• If Anderson, Papert, Schank, and Collins were examining this work, what would each of them say about it?

• Begin your own critique.

 

For now, use what you’ve learned about approaches to education and educational software and what you know about learning based on your own experiences. You’ll have another chance, later in the semester to write a more in-depth and scientific critique of one of these, after you’ve learned more about uses of technology, learning, and learner-centered design, and evaluation.

 

The ten will be posted on-line with pointers to them, and they will be divided into groups of five and five, one group for each week. First writeup is due beginning of week 5. Second writeup is due beginning of week 7. Put them on the swiki. Second drafts of both are due the beginning of Week 8. During weeks 5 and 7, you should all be reading each others’ descriptions and commenting on them, as well as looking at least six of the web sites. You should aim to have understanding of all projects. Post your final draft on the swiki and hand in a paper copy.

Assignment 5: Designing educational software, a first approach: due beginning of week 9

 

Pick a topic or skill that you're interested in developing educational software for, and describe how one might effectively use one or more of the technologies we've learned about for promoting learning about that topic or skill. Write 3 to 5 pages please. Do your best to describe the following:

 

• the educational situation – who are the students and how are they interacting with each other (if they are) and the software

• the students – what do they already know, and what do you want them to learn? Do you know anything about what’s complex and what difficulties they might have?

• the educational philosophy you are taking

• how you want to use technology – what facilities will it provide? How will they interact with it?

• how do you think it will help? I.e., how might it fulfill the needs of your learners?

• what are you satisfied with? What issues might you have to confront to make this a reality?

 

I'd like this to be an individual assignment, but if some of you are organized into groups for the final project already, I'm happy to have several of you who are working on the same project suggest technology for the same educational situation. Indeed, this would be a nice way of getting started on the final project if you choose to do it this way.

 

Post your paper on the Swiki, and hand in a paper copy.

Assignment 6: Choose a group and project: due end of week 10

Assignment 7: Take an LCD approach to designing your learning environment: First pass: due beginning of week 12

 

Assignment 8: Ass ignments 3 and 4 revisited. Due day after Thanksgiving break (Monday)

 

Choose one of the projects you reported on for assignments 3 and 4, and complete a fuller analysis of it, taking into account what you’ve learned in the meantime about technology use, learning, designing for learners, and evaluation. Post on swiki and hand in on paper on Tuesday.

 

Assignment 9: Second pass at your group project design. Include an evaluation plan. Due Dec. 3. Post on swiki and hand in paper copy.

Assignment 10 (in lieu of final): Individual assignment due Thursday of finals week. If you could redo your design, what would you change and why?