We use a simulation of basketball passing through a deformable basketball
net as an illustrative example to demonstrate each of three methods
of coupling for simulations. We introduce three different methods for coupling
two systems together: two-way, one-way, and hybrid coupled.
To clarify the
differences between these forms of coupling, we looked at the
interaction between the basketball (primary) and the net (secondary) for
each form.
![[Basketball: Two-way Coupled]](./Picts/bNetTwoWay.gif)
Two-way Coupled (quicktime .7 Mb )
In two-way coupling, the
rotational and linear velocity of the ball will respond to the
contact with the net and the net will be pushed out of the way by the
ball. This results in a realistic interaction between the ball and the net.
![[Basketball: One-way Coupled]](./Picts/bNetOneWay.gif)
One-way Coupled (quicktime .7 Mb )
In one-way coupling, the motion of the ball is not
affected by the net and the ball continues on a ballistic trajectory.
The deformation of the net will be more extreme than in the two-way
coupled case and the motion will not match that of an actual
basketball and net as closely.
![[Basketball: Hybrid Coupled]](./Picts/bNetHybrid.gif)
Hybrid Coupled (quicktime .7 Mb )
In between these two solutions are a
variety of hybrid coupled solutions where the interaction model is
approximated. The results shown here approximate the influence of the net
on the ball as a damping field. The ball trajectory is more realistic than in
the one-way coupling and still allows the non-parallel processing of the
two simulated elements.
Comparison with real life is important as a form of evaluation. Below is a movie file
in which the simulated motion and a live basketball shot. The simulation was initialized
with conditions similar to the live shot for this comparison.

Quicktime of Simulated and Live Net Comparison (2 Mb)