CHI10-001 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Estimating residual error rate in recognized handwritten documents using artificial error injection. Both handwriting recognition systems and their users are error prone. Handwriting recognizers make recognition errors, and users may miss those errors when verifying output. As a result, it is common for recognized documents to contain residual errors. Unfortunately, in some application domains (e.g. health informatics), tolerance for residual errors in recognized handwriting may be very low, and a desire might exist to maximize user accuracy during verification. In this paper, we present a technique that allows us to measure the performance of a user verifying recognizer output. We inject artificial errors into a set of recognized handwritten forms and show that the rate of injected errors and recognition errors caught is highly correlated in real time. Systems supporting user verification can make use of this measure of user accuracy in a variety of ways. For example, they can force users to slow down or can highlight injected errors that were missed, thus encouraging users to take more care. CHI Performance documents Measurement health University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada handwriting recognition Michael Terry Edward Lank 2010 Ryan Stedman artificial error residual error CHI10-002 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Predicting the cost of error correction in character-based text entry technologies. Researchers have developed many models to predict and understand human performance in text entry. Most of the models are specific to a technology or fail to account for human factors and variations in system parameters, and the relationship between them. Moreover, the process of fixing errors and its effects on text entry performance has not been studied. Here, we first analyze real-life text entry error correction behaviors. We then use our findings to develop a new model to predict the cost of error correction for character-based text entry technologies. We validate our model against quantities derived from the literature, as well as with a user study. Our study shows that the predicted and observed cost of error correction correspond well. At the end, we discuss potential applications of our new model. Human Factors CHI user study Performance cognitive models Measurement text entry text entry mobile phones York University, Toronto, ON, Canada error rates error correction prediction handheld devices Wolfgang Stuerzlinger 2010 Ahmed Sabbir Arif performance metric CHI10-003 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems SHRIMP: solving collision and out of vocabulary problems in mobile predictive input with motion gesture. Dictionary-based disambiguation (DBD) is a very popular solution for text entry on mobile phone keypads but suffers from two problems: 1. the resolution of encoding collision (two or more words sharing the same numeric key sequence) and 2. entering out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. In this paper, we present SHRIMP, a system and method that addresses these two problems by integrating DBD with camera based motion sensing that enables the user to express preference through a tilting or movement gesture. SHRIMP (Small Handheld Rapid Input with Motion and Prediction) runs on camera phones equipped with a standard 12-key keypad. SHRIMP maintains the speed advantage of DBD driven predictive text input while enabling the user to overcome DBD collision and OOV problems seamlessly without even a mode switch. An initial empirical study demonstrates that SHRIMP can be learned very quickly, performed immediately faster than MultiTap and handled OOV words more efficiently than DBD. Human Factors CHI Design input Experimentation empirical study sharing Shumin Zhai IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA sensing mobile University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA gestures gestures text input text entry mobile devices mobile phones mobile phones handheld John Canny camera phones multitap T9 text input Jingtao Wang 2010 dictionary-based disambiguation predictive input CHI10-004 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Reactive information foraging for evolving goals. Information foraging models have predicted the navigation paths of people browsing the web and (more recently) of programmers while debugging, but these models do not explicitly model users' goals evolving over time. We present a new information foraging model called PFIS2 that does model information seeking with potentially evolving goals. We then evaluated variants of this model in a field study that analyzed programmers' daily navigations over a seven-month period. Our results were that PFIS2 predicted users' navigation remarkably well, even though the goals of navigation, and even the information landscape itself, were changing markedly during the pursuit of information. Human Factors CHI Theory Experimentation IBM T.J. Watson Research Center browsing MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA navigation information foraging field study field study programming debugging Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA information foraging theory Margaret Burnett Joseph Lawrance Rachel Bellamy information seeking 2010 Christopher Bogart Calvin Swart CHI10-005 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems How does search behavior change as search becomes more difficult? Search engines make it easy to check facts online, but finding some specific kinds of information sometimes proves to be difficult. We studied the behavioral signals that suggest that a user is having trouble in a search task. First, we ran a lab study with 23 users to gain a preliminary understanding on how users' behavior changes when they struggle finding the information they're looking for. The observations were then tested with 179 participants who all completed an average of 22.3 tasks from a pool of 100 tasks. The large-scale study provided quantitative support for our qualitative observations from the lab study. When having difficulty in finding information, users start to formulate more diverse queries, they use advanced operators more, and they spend a longer time on the search result page as compared to the successful tasks. The results complement the existing body of research focusing on successful search strategies. Human Factors CHI search Google, Mountain View, CA, USA Anne Aula web search search strategies Zhiwei Guan 2010 search engines Rehan M. Khan behavioral signals difficult search tasks CHI10-006 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Effects of popularity and quality on the usage of query suggestions during information search. Many search systems provide users with recommended queries during online information seeking. Although usage statistics are often used to recommend queries, this information is usually not displayed to the user. In this study, we investigate how the presentation of this information impacts use of query suggestions. Twenty-three subjects used an experimental search system to find documents about four topics. Eight query suggestions were provided for each topic: four were high quality queries and four were low quality queries. Fake usage information indicating how many other people used the queries was also provided. For half the queries this information was high and for the other half this information was low. Results showed that subjects could distinguish between high and low quality queries and were not influenced by the usage information. Qualitative data revealed that subjects felt favorable about the suggestions, but the usage information was less important for the search task used in this study. Human Factors CHI search documents social search University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA information seeking 2010 search behavior Diane Kelly Amber Cushing Maureen Dostert Xi Niu Karl Gyllstrom query popularity query quality query recommendation query suggestion usage CHI10-007 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Space to think: large high-resolution displays for sensemaking. Space supports human cognitive abilities in a myriad of ways. The note attached to the side of the monitor, the papers spread out on the desk, diagrams scrawled on a whiteboard, and even the keys left out on the counter are all examples of using space to recall, reveal relationships, and think. Technological advances have made it possible to construct large display environments in which space has real meaning. This paper examines how increased space affects the way displays are regarded and used within the context of the cognitively demanding task of sensemaking. A pair of studies were conducted demonstrating how the spatial environment supports sensemaking by becoming part of the distributed cognitive process, providing both external memory and a semantic layer. CHI Experimentation Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA context memory large displays sensemaking high-resolution displays Chris North 2010 Christopher Andrews Alex Endert large CHI10-008 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Effects of interior bezels of tiled-monitor large displays on visual search, tunnel steering, and target selection. Tiled-monitor large displays are widely used in various application domains. However, how their interior bezels affect user performance and behavior has not been fully understood. We conducted three controlled experiments to investigate effects of tiled-monitor interior bezels on visual search, straight-tunnel steering, and target selection tasks. The conclusions of our paper are: 1) interior bezels do not affect visual search time nor error rate; however, splitting objects across bezels is detrimental to search accuracy, 2) interior bezels are detrimental to straight-tunnel steering, but not to target selection. In addition, we discuss how inte-rior bezels affect user behaviors, and suggest guidelines for effectively using tiled-monitor large displays and designing user interfaces suited to them. Human Factors CHI user interfaces Experimentation affect selection search visual search visual search Ravin Balakrishnan University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada large displays target selection Xiaojun Bi 2010 Seok-Hyung Bae interior bezels tiled-monitor large display tunnel steering CHI10-009 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Let's go from the whiteboard: supporting transitions in work through whiteboard capture and reuse. The use of whiteboards is pervasive across a wide range of work domains. But some of the qualities that make them successful--an intuitive interface, physical working space, and easy erasure--inherently make them poor tools for archival and reuse. If whiteboard content could be made available in times and spaces beyond those supported by the whiteboard alone, how might it be appropriated? We explore this question via ReBoard, a system that automatically captures whiteboard images and makes them accessible through a novel set of user-centered access tools. Through the lens of a seven week workplace field study, we found that by enabling new workflows, ReBoard increased the value of whiteboard content for collaboration. Human Factors CHI Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA whiteboards collaboration reuse field study Gene Golovchinsky Scott Carter Jacob T. Biehl workflow 2010 Stacy Branham information reuse and sharing CHI10-010 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Multitasking and monotasking: the effects of mental workload on deferred task interruptions. Recent research has found that forced interruptions at points of higher mental workload are more disruptive than at points of lower workload. This paper investigates a complementary idea: when users experience deferrable interruptions at points of higher workload, they may tend to defer processing of the interruption until times of lower workload. In an experiment, users performed a mail-browser primary task while being occasionally interrupted by a secondary chat task, evenly distributed between points of higher and lower workload. Analysis showed that 94% of the time, users switched to the interrupting task during periods of lower workload, versus only 6% during periods of higher workload. The results suggest that when interruptions can be deferred, users have a strong tendency to ''monotask'' until primary-task mental workload has been minimized. Human Factors CHI Design experiment attention Dario D. Salvucci interruption interruption chat chat multitasking Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA multitasking Peter Bogunovich instant messaging (IM) 2010 problem state CHI10-011 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems On reconstruction of task context after interruption. Theoretical accounts of task resumption after interruption have almost exclusively argued for resumption as a primarily memory-based process. In contrast, for many task domains, resumption can more accurately be represented in terms of a process of reconstruction-perceptual re-encoding of the information necessary to perform the task. This paper discusses a theoretical, computational framework in which one can represent these reconstruction processes and account for aspects of performance, such as measures of resumption lag. The paper also describes computational models of two sample task domains that illustrate the sometimes complex relationship between reconstruction and more general human cognitive, perceptual, and motor processes. Human Factors CHI Design context attention Dario D. Salvucci interruption interruption memory Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA multitasking 2010 problem state CHI10-012 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Evaluating cues for resuming interrupted programming tasks. Developers, like all modern knowledge workers, are frequently interrupted and blocked in their tasks. In this paper we present a contextual inquiry into developers' current strategies for resuming interrupted tasks and investigate the effect of automated cues on improving task resumption. We surveyed 371 programmers on the nature of their tasks, interruptions, task suspension and resumption strategies and found that they rely heavily on note-taking across several types of media. We then ran a controlled lab study to compare the effects of two different automated cues to note taking when resuming interrupted programming tasks. The two cues differed in (1) whether activities were summarized in aggregate or presented chronologically and (2) whether activities were presented as program symbols or as code snippets. Both cues performed well: developers using either cue completed their tasks with twice the success rate as those using note-taking alone. Despite the similar performance of the cues, developers strongly preferred the cue that presents activities chronologically as code snippets. Human Factors CHI Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA programming Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA note-taking interruption interruption Robert DeLine 2010 Chris Parnin cues task resumption CHI10-013 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Multitasking bar: prototype and evaluation of introducing the task concept into a browser. This paper clarifies two common patterns of multitasking on the Web, namely Multiple Tasks (MT) and Multiple Session Task (MST). To support both of these, the task concept needs to be introduced into a browser. An online pilot survey has revealed which attributes of the task concept are most significant to Web users and as a result a simple prototype, the Multitasking Bar (MB), is proposed based on these findings. The MB copes with the multitasking needs of both MT and MST in the browser by providing functions for task related Web page management and task schedule management. A two-session controlled experiment has been conducted to evaluate the MB and to compare user performance and experience when multitasking on the Web with and without support for MT and MST. Results show that support for both MST and MT significantly improves user task performance efficiency and greatly enhances the user experience when multitasking on the Web. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation Performance experiment Measurement survey revisitation multitasking multitasking user experience task browser 2010 Qing Wang Huiyou Chang Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China multiple sessions task CHI10-014 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Across boundaries of influence and accountability: the multiple scales of public sector information systems. The use of ICTs in the public sector has long been touted for its potential to transform the institutions that govern and provide social services. The focus, however, has largely been on systems that are used within particular scales of the public sector, such as at the scale of state or national government, the scale of regional or municipal entity, or at the scale of local service providers. The work presented here takes aim at examining ICT use that crosses these scales of influence and accountability. We report on a year long ethnographic investigation conducted at a variety of social service outlets to understand how a shared information system crosses the boundaries of these very distinct organizations. We put forward that such systems are central to the work done in the public sector and represent a class of collaborative work that has gone understudied. Human Factors CHI Design Management Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA W. Keith Edwards field study Christopher A. Le Dantec 2010 cooperative work organizational bound- aries public sector CHI10-015 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A case study of micro-blogging in the enterprise: use, value, and related issues. This is a case study about the early adoption and use of micro-blogging in a Fortune 500 company. The study used several independent data sources: five months of empirical micro-blogging data, user demographic information from corporate HR records, a web based survey, and targeted interviews. The results revealed that users vary in their posting activities, reading behaviors, and perceived benefits. The analysis also identified barriers to adoption, such as the noise-to-value ratio paradoxes. The findings can help both practitioners and scholars build an initial understanding of how knowledge workers are likely to use micro-blogging in the enterprise. Human Factors CHI interviews social media survey University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA Yan Qu enterprise 2010 micro-blogging Jun Zhang Jane Cody Yulingling Wu Pitney Bowes Inc. , Shelton, CT, USA Pitney Bowes Inc., Shelton, CT, USA twitter yammer CHI10-016 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Student socialization in the age of facebook. Most research regarding online social networks such as Facebook, MySpace, Linked-In and Friendster has looked at these networks in terms of activity within the online network, such as profile management and friending behavior. In this paper we are instead focusing on offline socializing structures around an online social network (exemplified by Facebook) and how this can facilitate in-person social life for students. Because students lead nomadic lives, they find Facebook a particularly useful tool for initiating and managing social gatherings, and as they adopt mobile technologies that can access online social networks, their ad-hoc social life is further enabled. We conclude that online social networks are a powerful tool for encouraging peripheral friendships, important in particular to students. We emphasize that the use of online social networks must be viewed from a perspective of use that involves both mobile and stationary platforms and that it is important to relate online and offline social practices. Human Factors CHI ubiquitous computing mobile social networks University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA facebook social networking mobile applications facebook Louise Barkhuus 2010 Juliana Tashiro CHI10-017 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Independence and interaction: understanding seniors' privacy and awareness needs for aging in place. As America's baby boom population gets older, aging in place -- the idea that seniors can remain independent in a comfortable home environment while being monitored and receiving care from family and caregivers living elsewhere -- has received significant attention. Fostering a sense of independence while simultaneously enabling monitoring and frequent interaction can seem paradoxical, however. This raises questions of how we can design technologies that help seniors retain their independence and a sense of comfort, while still interacting with and being monitored regularly by others. We present results from an interview study of 30 seniors, caregivers and relatives in which we sought to understand how they managed their interactions, availability, privacy and independence. Results suggest that they rely on attributes of the physical environment, temporal structures such as routine conversations and activities, and technological mediation. Human Factors CHI Design awareness conversation attention awareness privacy interviews home home privacy Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA families seniors Jeremy Birnholtz 2010 McKenzie Jones-Rounds aging in place CHI10-018 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Contravision: exploring users' reactions to futuristic technology. How can we best explore the range of users' reactions when developing future technologies that may be controversial, such as personal healthcare systems? Our approach -- ContraVision -- uses futuristic videos, or other narrative forms, that convey either negative or positive aspects of the proposed technology for the same scenarios. We conducted a user study to investigate what range of responses the different versions elicited. Our findings show that the use of two systematically comparable representations of the same technology can elicit a wider spectrum of reactions than a single representation can. We discuss why this is so and the value of obtaining breadth in user feedback for potentially controversial technologies. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Experimentation narrative narrative feedback representations user study Yvonne Rogers The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom health care University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom video Adam N. Joinson 2010 Clara Mancini Arosha K. Bandara Tony Coe Lukasz Jedrzejczyk Blaine A. Price Keerthi Thomas Bashar Nuseibeh Two Cats Can, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland contravision personal technology pervasive healthcare CHI10-019 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems I don't mind being logged, but want to remain in control: a field study of mobile activity and context logging. People have a natural tendency to capture and share their experiences via stories, photos and other mementos. As users are increasingly carrying the enabling devices with them, capturing life events is becoming more spontaneous. The automatic and persistent collecting of information about one's life and behavior is called lifelogging. Lifelogging relieves the user from manually capturing events but also poses many challenges from the user's perspective. We conducted a field study to explore the user experience of mobile phone activity and context logging, a technically feasible form of lifelogging. Our results indicate that users quickly stop to pay attention to the logging, but they want to be in control of logging the most private information. Although logging personal content, such as text messages, is experienced as a possible privacy threat, browsing the content and getting insight to the revealed life patterns was considered interesting and fun. Human Factors CHI browsing context mobile attention University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland user experience privacy field study field study Nokia Research Center, Finland mobile phones user experience context lifelogging 2010 Kaisa Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila Tuula Kärkkäinen Tuomas Vaittinen mobile phone activity CHI10-020 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Catalyzing social support for breast cancer patients. Social support is a critical, yet underutilized resource when undergoing cancer care. Underutilization occurs in two conditions: (a) when patients fail to seek out information, material assistance, and emotional support from family and friends or (b) when family and friends fail to meet the individualized needs and preferences of patients. Social networks are most effective when kept up to date on the patient's status, yet updating everyone takes effort that patients cannot always put in. To improve this situation, we describe the results of our participatory design activities with breast cancer patients. During this process, we uncovered the information a social network needs to stay informed as well as a host of barriers to social support that technology could help break down. Our resulting prototype, built using Facebook Connect, includes explicit features to reduce these barriers and thus, promote the healthy outcomes associated with strong social support. CHI Design participatory design social networks University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA families facebook social networks participatory design 2010 Meredith M. Skeels Wanda Pratt Chris Powell Kenton T. Unruh health consumers CHI10-021 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Transforming clinic environments into information workspaces for patients. Although clinic environments are a primary location for exchanging information with clinicians, patients experience these spaces as harsh environments to access, use, exchange, and manage information. In this paper, we present results from an ethnographic-inspired study of breast cancer patients actively interacting with information in clinic environments. Through observations and interviews, we observed information interactions in awkward physical positions; inefficient use of existing clinical space; separation of patients from their information and lack of support for collaborative document viewing. These factors compromised patients' abilities to manage their information work when they experienced bursts of information exchange, lack of advance information, fragmented attention, and heightened stress in clinic environments. To overcome these challenges, we identify formative strategies to focus attention, encourage collaboration, and improve communication in clinical settings. Human Factors CHI Design CSCW communication documents attention collaboration interviews collaboration medical informatics University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA surface computing 2010 Meredith M. Skeels Wanda Pratt Andrea Civan-Hartzler personal health informatics Kenton T. Unruh CHI10-022 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Blowing in the wind: unanchored patient information work during cancer care. Patients do considerable information work. Technologies that help patients manage health information so they can play active roles in their health-care, such as personal health records, provide patients with effective support for focused and sustained personal health tasks. Yet, little attention has been paid to patients' needs for information management support while on the go and away from their personal health information collections. Through a qualitative field study, we investigated the information work that breast cancer patients do in such 'unanchored settings'. We report on the types of unanchored information work that patients do over the course of cancer treatment, reasons this work is challenging, and strategies used by patients to overcome those challenges. Our description of unanchored patient information work expands our understanding of patients' information practices and points to valuable design directions for supporting critical but unmet needs. Human Factors CHI Design attention user study field study health University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Predrag Klasnja mobile computing 2010 Wanda Pratt Andrea Civan-Hartzler personal health informatics Kenton T. Unruh CHI10-023 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Crowdsourcing graphical perception: using mechanical turk to assess visualization design. Understanding perception is critical to effective visualization design. With its low cost and scalability, crowdsourcing presents an attractive option for evaluating the large design space of visualizations; however, it first requires validation. In this paper, we assess the viability of Amazon's Mechanical Turk as a platform for graphical perception experiments. We replicate previous studies of spatial encoding and luminance contrast and compare our results. We also conduct new experiments on rectangular area perception (as in treemaps or cartograms) and on chart size and gridline spacing. Our results demonstrate that crowdsourced perception experiments are viable and contribute new insights for visualization design. Lastly, we report cost and performance data from our experiments and distill recommendations for the design of crowdsourced studies. Human Factors CHI Experimentation information visualization visualization evaluation Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA user study crowdsourcing Jeffrey Heer graphical perception mechanical turk experimentation 2010 Michael Bostock CHI10-024 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems ManyNets: an interface for multiple network analysis and visualization. Traditional network analysis tools support analysts in studying a single network. ManyNets offers these analysts a powerful new approach that enables them to work on multiple networks simultaneously. Several thousand networks can be presented as rows in a tabular visualization, and then inspected, sorted and filtered according to their attributes. The networks to be displayed can be obtained by subdivision of larger networks. Examples of meaningful subdivisions used by analysts include ego networks, community extraction, and time-based slices. Cell visualizations and interactive column overviews allow analysts to assess the distribution of attributes within particular sets of networks. Details, such as traditional node-link diagrams, are available on demand. We describe a case study analyzing a social network geared towards film recommendations by means of decomposition. A small usability study provides feedback on the use of the interface on a set of tasks issued from the case study. Human Factors CHI Theory Experimentation usability information visualization visualization Catherine Plaisant feedback community social networks University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA interaction Jennifer Golbeck graphical user interfaces Ben Shneiderman 2010 Manuel Freire exploratory analysis network analysis table interface CHI10-025 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A comparative evaluation on tree visualization methods for hierarchical structures with large fan-outs. Hierarchical structures with large fan-outs are hard to browse and understand. In the conventional node-link tree visualization, the screen quickly becomes overcrowded as users open nodes that have too many child nodes to fit in one screen. To address this problem, we propose two extensions to the conventional node-link tree visualization: a list view with a scrollbar and a multi-column interface. We compared them against the conventional tree visualization interface in a user study. Results show that users are able to browse and understand the tree structure faster with the multi-column interface than the other two interfaces. Overall, they also liked the multi-column better than others. Human Factors CHI Design user study Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA visualization evaluation browsing Bongshin Lee tree visualization 2010 Bohyoung Kim Jinwook Seo Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Hyunjoo Song large fan-outs multi-column layout revisit topology CHI10-026 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The rogue in the lovely black dress: intimacy in world of warcraft. In this paper we present a critical analysis of player accounts of intimacy and intimate experiences in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft (WoW). Our analysis explores four characteristics that players articulated about their virtual intimate experiences: the permeability of intimacy across virtual and real worlds, the mundane as the origin of intimacy, the significance of reciprocity and exchange, and the formative role of temporality in shaping understandings and recollections of intimate experiences. We also consider the manifest ways that WoW's software features support and encourage these characteristics. Human Factors CHI Design virtual worlds Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Jeffrey Bardzell intimacy role-playing sociability massively multiplayer online games intimacy 2010 Shaowen Bardzell Tyler Pace reciprocity world of warcraft CHI10-027 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Physical activity motivating games: virtual rewards for real activity. Contemporary lifestyle has become increasingly sedentary: little physical (sports, exercises) and much sedentary (TV, computers) activity. The nature of sedentary activity is self-reinforcing, such that increasing physical and decreasing sedentary activity is difficult. We present a novel approach aimed at combating this problem in the context of computer games. Rather than explicitly changing the amount of physical and sedentary activity a person sets out to perform, we propose a new game design that leverages user engagement to generate out of game motivation to perform physical activity while playing. In our design, players gain virtual game rewards in return for real physical activity performed. Here we present and evaluate an application of our design to the game Neverball. We adapted Neverball by reducing the time allocated to accomplish the game tasks and motivated players to perform physical activity by offering time based rewards. An empirical evaluation involving 180 participants shows that the participants performed more physical activity, decreased the amount of sedentary playing time, and did not report a decrease in perceived enjoyment of playing the activity motivating version of Neverball. Human Factors CHI Design empirical evaluation Experimentation games context motivation user study physical activity physical activity motivation game design 2010 serious games Shlomo Berkovsky Mac Coombe Jill Freyne Dipak Bhandari Nilufar Baghaei CSIRO, Hobart, Australia behavioural change CHI10-028 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Understanding and evaluating cooperative games. Cooperative design has been an integral part of many games. With the success of games like Left4Dead, many game designers and producers are currently exploring the addition of cooperative patterns within their games. Unfortunately, very little research investigated cooperative patterns or methods to evaluate them. In this paper, we present a set of cooperative patterns identified based on analysis of fourteen cooperative games. Additionally, we propose Cooperative Performance Metrics (CPM). To evaluate the use of these CPMs, we ran a study with a total of 60 participants, grouped in 2-3 participants per session. Participants were asked to play four cooperative games (Rock Band 2, Lego Star Wars, Kameo, and Little Big Planet). Videos of the play sessions were annotated using the CPMs, which were then mapped to cooperative patterns that caused them. Results, validated through inter-rater agreement, identify several effective cooperative patterns and lessons for future cooperative game designs. CHI Design games user experience engagement Simon Fraser University game design 2010 Magy Seif El-Nasr Bardia Aghabeigi David Milam Mona Erfani Beth Lameman Hamid Maygoli Sang Mah New Media Research and Education, Vancouver, BC, Canada Bardel Entertianment, Vancouver, BC, Canada cooperative game design cooperative patterns testing CHI10-029 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Occlusion-aware interfaces. We define occlusion-aware interfaces as interaction techniques which know what area of the display is currently occluded, and use this knowledge to counteract potential problems and/or utilize the hidden area. As a case study, we describe the Occlusion-Aware Viewer, which identifies important regions hidden beneath the hand and displays them in a non-occluded area using a bubble-like callout. To determine what is important, we use an application agnostic image processing layer. For the occluded area, we use a user configurable, real-time version of Vogel et al.'s [21] geometric model. In an evaluation with a simultaneous monitoring task, we find the technique can successfully mitigate the effects of occlusion, although issues with ambiguity and stability suggest further refinements. Finally, we present designs for three other occlusion-aware techniques for pop-ups, dragging, and a hidden widget. Human Factors CHI interaction techniques Ravin Balakrishnan ambiguity University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada pen Daniel Vogel occlusion hand image processing 2010 CHI10-030 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems High-precision magnification lenses. Focus+context interfaces provide in-place magnification of a region of the display, smoothly integrating the focus of attention into its surroundings. Two representations of the data exist simultaneously at two different scales, providing an alternative to classical pan & zoom for navigating multi-scale interfaces. For many practical applications however, the magnification range of focus+context techniques is too limited. This paper addresses this limitation by exploring the quantization problem: the mismatch between visual and motor precision in the magnified region. We introduce three new interaction techniques that solve this problem by integrating fast navigation and high-precision interaction in the magnified region. Speed couples precision to navigation speed. Key and Ring use a discrete switch between precision levels, the former using a keyboard modifier, the latter by decoupling the cursor from the lens' center. We report on three experiments showing that our techniques make interacting with lenses easier while increasing the range of practical magnification factors, and that performance can be further improved by integrating speed-dependent visual behaviors. Human Factors CHI Design navigation navigation interaction techniques context attention INRIA and LRI - University Paris-Sud & CNRS, Orsay, France Emmanuel Pietriga Caroline Appert Olivier Chapuis selection focus+context focus+context lenses 2010 quantization CHI10-031 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Quasi-qwerty soft keyboard optimization. It has been well understood that optimized soft keyboard layouts improve motor movement efficiency over the standard Qwerty layouts, but have the drawback of long initial visual search time for novice users. To ease the initial searching time on optimized soft keyboards, we explored "Quasi-Qwerty optimization" so that the resulting layouts are close to Qwerty. Our results show that a middle ground between the optimized but new, and the familiar (Qwerty) but inefficient does exist. We show that by allowing letters to move at most one step (key) away from their original positions on Qwerty in an optimization process, one can achieve about half of what free optimization could gain in movement efficiency. An experiment shows that due to users' familiarity with Qwerty, a layout with quasi Qwerty optimization could significantly reduce novice user's visual search time to a level between those of Qwerty and a freely optimized layout. The results in this work provide designers with a new quantitative understanding of the soft keyboard design space. Human Factors CHI search Shumin Zhai IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA experiment visual search QWERTY soft keyboards University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Xiaojun Bi touch screens optimization 2010 Barton A. Smith CHI10-032 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems An unobtrusive behavioral model of "gross national happiness" I analyze the use of emotion words for approximately 100 million Facebook users since September of 2007. "Gross national happiness" is operationalized as a standardized difference between the use of positive and negative words, aggregated across days, and present a graph of this metric. I begin to validate this metric by showing that positive and negative word use in status updates covaries with self-reported satisfaction with life (convergent validity), and also note that the graph shows peaks and valleys on days that are culturally and emotionally significant (face validity). I discuss the development and computation of this metric, argue that this metric and graph serves as a representation of the overall emotional health of the nation, and discuss the importance of tracking such metrics. CHI Theory Verification emotion emotion University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA Measurement health facebook quantitative methods Adam D.I. Kramer facebook statistics psychology 2010 gross national happiness CHI10-033 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The tower of Babel meets web 2.0: user-generated content and its applications in a multilingual context. This study explores language's fragmenting effect on user-generated content by examining the diversity of knowledge representations across 25 different Wikipedia language editions. This diversity is measured at two levels: the concepts that are included in each edition and the ways in which these concepts are described. We demonstrate that the diversity present is greater than has been presumed in the literature and has a significant influence on applications that use Wikipedia as a source of world knowledge. We close by explicating how knowledge diversity can be beneficially leveraged to create "culturally-aware applications" and "hyperlingual applications". Human Factors CHI context language wikipedia Wikipedia Darren Gergle Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA language semantic relatedness 2010 Brent Hecht explicit semantic analysis hyperlingual knowledge diversity multilingual CHI10-034 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Indexicality of language and the art of creating treasures. The indexicality of language refers to the linkage between the language and the situation of use for determining the meaning of what is being said. In this paper I describe how a player of a location-based treasure hunt game called geocaching uses indexicality of language in creating clues when hiding treasures. Based on this account, the skill, I argue, in creating an exciting treasure depends on understanding the disjunction between the context in which the clue is first interpreted and the context in which it receives its final meaning. An interesting clue should therefore contain both a literal or conventional meaning and a situated meaning, and the situated meaning should only arise when the player is close enough to the treasure. Human Factors CHI Languages context language field study GPS language location-based computing geocache context 2010 Matti J. Rantanen Aalto University, Espoo, Finland indexicality CHI10-035 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Why pay? exploring how financial incentives are used for question & answer. Electronic commerce has enabled a number of online pay-for-answer services. However, despite commercial interest, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how financial incentives support question asking and answering. Using 800 questions randomly selected from a pay-for-answer site, along with site usage statistics, we examined what factors impact askers' decisions to pay. We also explored how financial rewards affect answers, and if question pricing can help organize Q&A exchanges for archival purposes. We found that askers' decisions are two-part--whether or not to pay and how much to pay. Askers are more likely to pay when requesting facts and will pay more when questions are more difficult. On the answer side, our results support prior findings that paying more may elicit a higher number of answers and answers that are longer, but may not elicit higher quality answers (as rated by the askers). Finally, we present evidence that questions with higher rewards have higher archival value, which suggests that pricing can be used to support archival use. CHI Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Experimentation affect Scott E. Hudson social computing Robert E. Kraut Gary Hsieh Q&A q&a question and answer market 2010 pay-for-answer CHI10-036 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Hidden markets: UI design for a P2P backup application. The Internet has allowed market-based systems to become increasingly pervasive. In this paper we explore the role of user interface (UI) design for these markets. Different UIs induce different mental models which in turn determine how users understand and interact with a market. Thus, the intersection of UI design and economics is a novel and important research area. We make three contributions at this intersection. First, we present a novel design paradigm which we call hidden markets. The primary goal of hidden markets is to hide as much of the market complexities as possible. Second, we explore this new design paradigm using one particular example: a P2P backup application. We explain the market underlying this system and provide a detailed description of the new UI we developed. Third, we present results from a formative usability study. Our findings indicate that a number of users could benefit from a market-based P2P backup system. Most users intuitively understood the give & take principle as well as the bundle constraints of the market. However, the pricing aspect was difficult to discover/understand for many users and thus needs further investigation. Overall, the results are encouraging and show promise for the hidden market paradigm. Human Factors CHI Design user interfaces Experimentation usability Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Mary Czerwinski UI design Economics Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Desney S. Tan 2010 Sven Seuken Kamal Jain economics market design p2p backup CHI10-037 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Re-examining price as a predictor of answer quality in an online q&a site. Online question-answering services provide mechanisms for knowledge exchange by allowing users to ask and answer questions on a wide range of topics. A key question for designing such services is whether charging a price has an effect on answer quality. Two field experiments using one such service, Google Answers, offer conflicting answers to this question. To resolve this inconsistency, we re-analyze data from Harper et al. [5] and Chen et al. [2] to study the price effect in greater depth. Decomposing the price effect into two different levels yields results that reconcile those of the two field experiments. Specifically, we find that: (1) a higher price significantly increases the likelihood that a question receives an answer and (2) for questions that receive an answer, there is no significant price effect on answer quality. Additionally, we find that the rater background makes a difference in evaluating answer quality. CHI Design Experimentation University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA information quality Measurement Economics online communities question-answering q&a information exchange 2010 Grace YoungJoo Jeon Yong-Mi Kim Yan Chen knowledge market CHI10-038 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Why users of yahoo!: answers do not answer questions. Posing a question to an online question and answer community does not guarantee a response. Significant prior work has explored and identified members' motivations for contributing to communities of collective action (e.g., Yahoo! Answers); in contrast it is not well understood why members choose to not answer a question they have already read. To explore this issue, we surveyed 135 active members of Yahoo! Answers. We show that top and regular contributors experience the same reasons to not answer a question: subject nature and composition of the question; perception of how the questioner will receive, interpret and react to their response; and a belief that their response will lose its meaning and get lost in the crowd if too many responses have already been given. Informed by our results, we discuss opportunities to improve the efficacy of the question and answer process, and to encourage greater contributions through improved design. Human Factors CHI motivation University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada community community motivation Khai N. Truong Q&A question and answer David Dearman 2010 CHI10-039 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Crosstrainer: testing the use of multimodal interfaces in situ. We report the results of an exploratory 8-day field study of CrossTrainer: a mobile game with crossmodal audio and tactile feedback. Our research focuses on the longitudinal effects on performance with audio and tactile feedback, the impact of context such as location and situation on performance and personal modality preference. The results of this study indicate that crossmodal feedback can aid users in entering answers quickly and accurately using a variety of different widgets. Our study shows that there are times when audio is more appropriate than tactile and vice versa and for this reason devices should support both tactile and audio feedback to cover the widest range of environments, user preference, locations and tasks. Human Factors CHI Design multimodal multimodal interaction Experimentation audio context mobile multimodal interfaces tactile feedback field study tactile feedback tactile feedback Stephen Brewster University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom Eve Hoggan crossmodal interaction mobile touchscreen interaction 2010 audio feedback CHI10-040 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Newport: enabling sharing during mobile calls. Newport is a collaborative application for sharing context (e.g. location) and content (e.g. photos and notes) during mobile phone calls. People can share during a phone call and sharing ends when the call ends. Newport also supports using a computer during a call to make it easier to share content from the phone or launch screen sharing if the caller is also at a computer. We describe Newport's system design and a formative evaluation with 12 participants to study their experience using Newport to share location, receive directions, share photos, and perform desktop sharing. Participants preferred using Newport to current methods for these tasks. They also preferred limiting sharing location to phone calls compared with publishing it continuously. Tying sharing to a phone call gives individuals a social sense of security, providing a mechanism for exchanging information with unknown people. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA sharing context mobile collaboration A.J. Bernheim Brush security mobile phones mobile phones sharing University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA 2010 Junius A. Gunaratne desktop sharing CHI10-041 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Attractive phones don't have to work better: independent effects of attractiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency on perceived usability. Participants sometimes rate products high in usability despite experiencing obvious usability problems (low effectiveness or efficiency). Is it possible that this occurs because high product attractiveness compensates for low effectiveness/efficiency? Previous research has not investigated the interplay between attractiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency to determine whether attractiveness accounts for additional variance in usability ratings beyond that which is explained by effectiveness and efficiency. The present research provides the first test of this idea. Using data from usability testing, we demonstrate that attractiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency each has an independent influence on usability ratings and, in the present research, attractiveness had the largest impact. We report results of quantitative analyses that suggest multiple mechanisms could be responsible for the relationship between attractiveness and usability. CHI Experimentation usability usability testing Measurement aesthetics mobile phones attractiveness need for cognition 2010 Jeffrey M. Quinn Tuan Q. Tran Sprint Nextel, Overland Park, KS, USA sus system usability scale CHI10-042 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Using reinforcement to strengthen users' secure behaviors. Users have a strong tendency toward dismissing security dialogs unthinkingly. Prior research has shown that users' responses to security dialogs become significantly more thoughtful when dialogs are polymorphic, and that further improvements can be obtained when dialogs are also audited and auditors penalize users who give unreasonable responses. We contribute an Operant Conditioning model that fits these observations, and, inspired by the model, propose Security Reinforcing Applications (SRAs). SRAs seek to reward users' secure behavior, instead of penalizing insecure behavior. User studies show that SRAs improve users' secure behaviors and that behaviors strengthened in this way do not extinguish after a period of several weeks in which users do not interact with SRAs. Moreover, inspired by Social Learning theory, we propose Vicarious Security Reinforcement (VSR). A user study shows that VSR accelerates SRA benefits. Human Factors CHI learning user study theory Security security University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 2010 Ricardo Mark Villamarín-Salomón José Carlos Brustoloni audited dialogs context-sensitive guidance observational learning operant conditioning polymorphic dialogs security-reinforcing application social learning theory vicarious learning vicarious security reinforcement CHI10-043 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Who falls for phish? a demographic analysis of phishing susceptibility and effectiveness of interventions. In this paper we present the results of a roleplay survey instrument administered to 1001 online survey respondents to study both the relationship between demographics and phishing susceptibility and the effectiveness of several anti-phishing educational materials. Our results suggest that women are more susceptible than men to phishing and participants between the ages of 18 and 25 are more susceptible to phishing than other age groups. We explain these demographic factors through a mediation analysis. Educational materials reduced users' tendency to enter information into phishing webpages by 40% percent; however, some of the educational materials we tested also slightly decreased participants' tendency to click on legitimate links. Human Factors CHI Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Experimentation Measurement survey Lorrie Faith Cranor Security role-playing role-playing survey phishing phishing mechanical turk Ponnurangam Kumaraguru user behavior 2010 Steve Sheng Julie S. Downs Mandy B. Holbrook Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology , New Delhi, India social engineering CHI10-044 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The true cost of unusable password policies: password use in the wild. HCI research published 10 years ago pointed out that many users cannot cope with the number and complexity of passwords, and resort to insecure workarounds as a consequence. We present a study which re-examined password policies and password practice in the workplace today. 32 staff members in two organisations kept a password diary for 1 week, which produced a sample of 196 passwords. The diary was followed by an interview which covered details of each password, in its context of use. We find that users are in general concerned to maintain security, but that existing security policies are too inflexible to match their capabilities, and the tasks and contexts in which they operate. As a result, these password policies can place demands on users which impact negatively on their productivity and, ultimately, that of the organisation. We conclude that, rather than focussing password policies on maximizing password strength and enforcing frequency alone, policies should be designed using HCI principles to help the user to set an appropriately strong password in a specific context of use. Human Factors CHI hci context interviews Security security University College London, London, United Kingdom usable security passwords M. Angela Sasse 2010 Philip G. Inglesant password policy CHI10-045 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Exploiting knowledge-in-the-head and knowledge-in-the-social-web: effects of domain expertise on exploratory search in individual and social search environments. Our study compared how experts and novices performed exploratory search using a traditional search engine and a social tagging system. As expected, results showed that social tagging systems could facilitate exploratory search for both experts and novices. We, however, also found that experts were better at interpreting the social tags and generating search keywords, which made them better at finding information in both interfaces. Specifically, experts found more general information than novices by better interpretation of social tags in the tagging system; and experts also found more domain-specific information by generating more of their own keywords. We found a dynamic interaction between knowledge-in-the-head and knowledge-in-the-social-web that although information seekers are more and more reliant on information from the social Web, domain expertise is still important in guiding them to find and evaluate the information. Implications on the design of social search systems that facilitate exploratory search are also discussed. Human Factors CHI Performance University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA search tagging Wai-Tat Fu Thomas George Kannampallil exploratory search 2010 search behavior Ruogu Kang domain expertise CHI10-046 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Interactive effects of age and interface differences on search strategies and performance. We present results from an experiment that studied the information search behavior of younger and older adults in a medical decision-making task. To study how different combination of tasks and interfaces influenced search strategies and decision-making outcomes, we varied information structures of two interfaces and presented different task descriptions to participants. We found that younger adults tended to use different search strategies in different combination of tasks and interfaces, and older adults tended to use the same top-down strategies across conditions. We concluded that older adults were able to perform mental transformation of medical terms more effectively than younger adults. Thus older adults did not require changing strategies to maintain the same level of performance. CHI Experimentation University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA search experiment web search Wai-Tat Fu Jessie Chin age differences cost-benefit analysis search strategies 2010 interface affordance knowledge structure CHI10-047 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Children's roles using keyword search interfaces at home. Children want to find information about their world, but there are barriers to finding what they seek. Young people have varying abilities to formulate multi-step queries and comprehend search results. Challenges in understanding where to type, confusion about what tools are available, and frustration with how to parse the results page all have led to a lack of perceived search success for children 7-11 years old. In this paper, we describe seven search roles children display as information seekers using Internet keyword interfaces, based on a home study of 83 children ages 7, 9, and 11. These roles are defined not only by the children's search actions, but also by who influences their searching, their perceived success, and trends in age and gender. These roles suggest a need for new interfaces that expand the notion of keywords, scaffold results, and develop a search culture among children. Human Factors CHI culture children Allison Druin children search Internet home Google, Mountain View, CA, USA University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA gender search query formulation Hilary Hutchinson 2010 Evan Golub Elizabeth Foss Leshell Hatley search engines search results typing CHI10-048 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The infrastructure problem in HCI. HCI endeavors to create human-centered computer systems, but underlying technological infrastructures often stymie these efforts. We outline three specific classes of user experience difficulties caused by underlying technical infrastructures, which we term constrained possibilities, unmediated interaction, and interjected abstractions. We explore how prior approaches in HCI have addressed these issues, and discuss new approaches that will be required for future progress. We argue that the HCI community must become more deeply involved with the creation of technical infrastructures. Doing so, however, requires a substantial expansion to the methodological toolbox of HCI. Human Factors CHI Design hci University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA toolkits W. Keith Edwards community user experience Erika Shehan Poole Mark W. Newman infrastructure 2010 human-centered design CHI10-049 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems BuzzWear: alert perception in wearable tactile displays on the wrist. We present two experiments to evaluate wrist-worn wearable tactile displays (WTDs) that provide easy to perceive alerts for on-the-go users. The first experiment (2304 trials, 12 participants) focuses on the perception sensitivity of tactile patterns and reveals that people discriminate our 24 tactile patterns with up to 99% accuracy after 40 minutes of training. Among the four parameters (intensity, starting point, temporal pattern, and direction) that vary in the 24 patterns, intensity is the most difficult parameter to distinguish and temporal pattern is the easiest. The second experiment (9900 trials, 15 participants) focuses on dual task performance, exploring users' abilities to perceive three incoming alerts from two mobile devices (WTD and mobile phone) with and without visual distraction. The second experiment reveals that, when visually distracted, users' reactions to incoming alerts become slower for the mobile phone but not for the WTD. Human Factors CHI Experimentation Performance experiment Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA mobile attention tactile wearables wearable computing mobile devices mobile phones Seungyon "Claire" Lee Thad Starner 2010 tactile display CHI10-050 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems i*CATch: a scalable plug-n-play wearable computing framework for novices and children. There has been much recent work in wearable computing that is directed at democratization of the field, to make it more accessible to the general public and more easily used by the hobbyist user. As the field becomes more diversified, there has also been a shift away from the highly specialized functionality of earlier applications towards aesthetics, creativity, design and self-expression, as well as a push towards using wearable computing as an outreach tool to broaden interest and exposure in engineering and computing. This paper presents the design and development of the i*CATch wearable computing framework, which was developed specifically for children and novices to the field. The i*CATch framework is based upon a bus-based architecture, and is more scalable than the current alternatives. It consists of a set of plug-and-play components, a construction platform with a standardized interface, and an easy-to-use hybrid text-graphical integrated development environment. We will also present results of the evaluation of the i*CATch framework in real teaching environments. Human Factors CHI children creativity wearables wearable computing wearable computing aesthetics construction kits e-textiles electronic textiles Grace Ngai Stephen C.F. Chan Joey C.Y. Cheung Winnie W.Y. Lau Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong computational textiles smart textiles 2010 Vincent T.Y. Ng Sam S.S. Choy Jason T.P. Tse i*catch CHI10-051 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Skinput: appropriating the body as an input surface. We present Skinput, a technology that appropriates the human body for acoustic transmission, allowing the skin to be used as an input surface. In particular, we resolve the location of finger taps on the arm and hand by analyzing mechanical vibrations that propagate through the body. We collect these signals using a novel array of sensors worn as an armband. This approach provides an always available, naturally portable, and on-body finger input system. We assess the capabilities, accuracy and limitations of our technique through a two-part, twenty-participant user study. To further illustrate the utility of our approach, we conclude with several proof-of-concept applications we developed. Human Factors CHI input user study Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA audio interfaces sensors gestures Chris Harrison Desney S. Tan Dan Morris buttons 2010 bio-acoustics finger input on-body interaction projected displays CHI10-052 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Hand in hand with the material: designing for suppleness. Designing for a supple interaction, involving users bodily and emotionally into a 'dance' with a system is a challenging task. Any break-ups in interaction become fatal to the sensual, fluent, bodily and social experience sought. A user-centered, iterative design cycle is therefore required. But getting to know the affordances of the digital material used to build the application plays an equally important role in the design process. The 'feel' of the digital material properties sometimes even determines what the design should be. We describe three situations in which the properties and affordances of sensor network technologies guided our design process of FriendSense -- a system for expressing friendship and emotional closeness through movement. We show how the sensor node look and feel, choice of sensors, limitations of the radio signal strength and coverage, as well as iterative prototyping to properly exploit the software/algorithmic possibilities guided our design process. CHI Design emotion sensors design process design Kristina Höök suppleness prototyping friends Petra Sundström sensor networks 2010 Mobile Life @ Stockholm University, Kista, Sweden computer material movement interaction sensor node CHI10-053 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The Case of the Disappearing Ox: Seeing Through Digital Images to an Analysis of Ancient Texts. There are numerous settings where people examine, scrutinize and discuss the details of images in the course of their work. In most medical domains, scans and x-rays are used in the diagnosis of cases; in most areas of science, methods of visualization have been adopted to assist in the analysis of data; and images of different kinds are critical for many research fields in the social sciences and humanities. It is not surprising that recently technologies have been proposed to assist with the analysis and examination of images. In this paper, we consider requirements for technologies in a rather distinctive domain of research, the classics. Drawing upon an analysis of the detailed ways in which classicists work with digital images, we discuss the requirements for systems to support researchers in this domain, and also provide further considerations on the general development of image processing technologies and visualization techniques. CHI Design CSCW visualization interaction analysis King's College, London, United Kingdom Paul Luff usability ethnomethodology requirements engineering 2010 Grace de la Flor Marina Jirotka John Pybus Ruth Kirkham Annamaria Carusi University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom workplace studies CHI10-054 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The implications of improvisational acting and role-playing on design methodologies. For decades designers have used theatre metaphors to describe design methodologies and have used performance techniques to enhance the design process, two of which are improvisational acting and role-playing. Unfortunately, most design literature does not differentiate between these two practices even while using them in combination with various design methods. This paper discusses how improvisation and role-playing have been employed during the design process and why they are distinct from one another. The authors draw upon their current research involving improvisational acting and compare it with other role-playing research which examines role-playing from both a serious and entertainment angle. They conclude through this comparison that both performance techniques have their place in the design process and that more informed definitions of each technique can aid designers in deciding which technique's properties will benefit them the most. CHI Design Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA design process role-playing role-playing performance improvisation design methods design methodologies 2010 Ben Medler Brian Magerko theatre CHI10-055 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems d.note: revising user interfaces through change tracking, annotations, and alternatives. Interaction designers typically revise user interface prototypes by adding unstructured notes to storyboards and screen printouts. How might computational tools increase the efficacy of UI revision? This paper introduces d.note, a revision tool for user interfaces expressed as control flow diagrams. d.note introduces a command set for modifying and annotating both appearance and behavior of user interfaces; it also defines execution semantics so proposed changes can be tested immediately. The paper reports two studies that compare production and interpretation of revisions in d.note to freeform sketching on static images (the status quo). The revision production study showed that testing of ideas during the revision process led to more concrete revisions, but that the tool also affected the type and number of suggested changes. The revision interpretation study showed that d.note revisions required fewer clarifications, and that additional techniques for expressing revision intent could be beneficial. Human Factors CHI Design user interfaces University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA sketching Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA prototyping annotation Scott R. Klemmer Björn Hartmann 2010 Sean Follmer Antonio Ricciardi Timothy Cardenas interaction design tools revision CHI10-056 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems FrameWire: a tool for automatically extracting interaction logic from paper prototyping tests. Paper prototyping offers unique affordances for interface design. However, due to its spontaneous nature and the limitations of paper, it is difficult to distill and communicate a paper prototype design and its user test findings to a wide audience. To address these issues, we created FrameWire, a computer vision-based system that automatically extracts interaction flows from the video recording of paper prototype user tests. Based on the extracted logic, FrameWire offers two distinct benefits for designers: a structural view of the video recording that allows a designer or a stakeholder to easily distill and understand the design concept and user interaction behaviors, and automatic generation of interactive HTML-based prototypes that can be easily tested with a larger group of users as well as "walked through" by other stakeholders. The extraction is achieved by automatically aggregating video frame sequences into an interaction flow graph based on frame similarities and a designer-guided clustering process. The results of evaluating FrameWire with realistic paper prototyping tests show that our extraction approach is feasible and FrameWire is a promising tool for enhancing existing prototyping practice. Human Factors CHI Design interface design James A. Landay video clustering prototyping Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Morgan Dixon Katherine Everitt Xiang Cao Yang Li programming by demonstration computer vision paper prototyping 2010 CHI10-057 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Example-centric programming: integrating web search into the development environment. The ready availability of online source-code examples has fundamentally changed programming practices. However, current search tools are not designed to assist with programming tasks and are wholly separate from editing tools. This paper proposes that embedding a task-specific search engine in the development environment can significantly reduce the cost of finding information and thus enable programmers to write better code more easily. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of Blueprint, a Web search interface integrated into the Adobe Flex Builder development environment that helps users locate example code. Blueprint automatically augments queries with code context, presents a code-centric view of search results, embeds the search experience into the editor, and retains a link between copied code and its source. A comparative laboratory study found that Blueprint enables participants to write significantly better code and find example code significantly faster than with a standard Web browser. Analysis of three months of usage logs with 2,024 users suggests that task-specific search interfaces can significantly change how and when people search the Web. Human Factors CHI Design search programming context Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA web search web browser Adobe Systems, San Francisco, CA, USA Mira Dontcheva Scott R. Klemmer Joel Brandt 2010 Marcos Weskamp example-centric development CHI10-058 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Timeline collaboration. This paper explores timelines as a web-based tool for collaboration between citizens and municipal caseworkers. The paper takes its outset in a case study of planning and control of parental leave; a process that may involve surprisingly many actors. As part of the case study, a web-based timeline, CaseLine, was designed. This design crosses the boundaries between leisure and work, in ways that are different from what is often seen in current HCI. The timeline has several roles on these boundaries: It is a shared planning and visualization tool that may be used by parents and caseworkers alone or together, it serves as a contract and a sandbox, as a record and a plan, as inspiration for planning and an authoritative road, as a common information space and a fragmented exchange. Serving all these roles does not happen smoothly, and the paper discusses the challenges of such timeline interaction in, and beyond this case. CHI Design hci Experimentation visualization collaboration collaboration social navigation University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark 2010 Morten Bohøj Nikolaj Gandrup Borchorst Niels Olof Bouvin Susanne Bødker Pär-Ola Zander timeline interaction CHI10-059 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Informal interactions in nonprofit networks. Nonprofit organizations often need to excel in coordinating with other organizations and must do so in a variety of contexts and levels from the informal to the formal. Their ability to accomplish their mission can critically depend on their efficacy in managing dependencies on others for tasks, accessing needed resources, raising their profile in the community, and achieving their goals. Although much research has been done to understand systems for supporting formal coordination between organizations, there is a gap in understanding how informal coordination can be supported by systems. As a first step towards addressing this gap, we conducted a field study of a network of nonprofit organizations, focusing specifically on informal interactions among them. Based on this study, we characterize informal coordination between organizations and the context for such interactions. Our findings point to a need to further explore a class of interorganizational interactions that may not be adequately explored or understood by our research community. Human Factors CHI context Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA W. Keith Edwards Elizabeth D. Mynatt coordination field study community Jennifer Stoll 2010 informal coordination interorganizational information systems nonprofit organizations organizational networks CHI10-060 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Managing nomadic knowledge: a case study of the European social forum. In this paper we portray a specific type of knowledge which we term 'nomadic knowledge'. It is required periodically by different actors and travels along foreseeable paths between groups or communities of actors. This type of knowledge lets us question generally held assumptions about the way knowledge is enacted. We illustrate our point with an ethnographical field study analyzing the European Social Forum (ESF), a network of political activist organizations. In this network different actors organize a periodic (biannual) event in which some 13,000 activists participated in 2008. We investigate how knowledge about organizing and managing the ESF is transferred between two events respectively, the actors and communities involved. Our study highlights the specific challenges in sharing nomadic knowledge and the consequences of deficiencies on the organizing process. The paper contributes to a better understanding of knowledge sharing practices and opens new directions for technical support. Human Factors CHI Management sharing field study knowledge management Volker Wulf knowledge sharing community informatics 2010 Saqib Saeed Volkmar Pipek Markus Rohde University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany ethnographic case study nomadic knowledge CHI10-061 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Eliza meets the wizard-of-oz: evaluating social acceptability. What authoring possibilities arise by blending machine and human control of live embodied character experiences? This paper explores two different "behind-the-scenes" roles for human operators during a three-month gallery installation of an embodied character experience. In the Transcription role, human operators type players' spoken utterances; then, algorithms interpret the player's intention, choose from pre-authored dialogue based on local and global narrative contexts, and procedurally animate two embodied characters. In the Discourse role, human operators select from semantic categories to interpret player intention; algorithms use this "discourse act" to automate character dialogue and animation. We compare these two methods of blending control using game logs and interviews, and document how the amateur operators initially resisted having to learn the Discourse version, but eventually preferred having the authorial control it afforded. This paper also outlines a design space for blending machine and human control in live character experiences. CHI Design Experimentation documents animation Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA narrative Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Wizard of Oz interviews Manish Mehta Blair MacIntyre Michael Mateas interactive drama Steven P. Dow University of California: Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA wizard-of-oz 2010 artificial intelligence embodied characters CHI10-062 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A stage-based model of personal informatics systems. People strive to obtain self-knowledge. A class of systems called personal informatics is appearing that help people collect and reflect on personal information. However, there is no comprehensive list of problems that users experience using these systems, and no guidance for making these systems more effective. To address this, we conducted surveys and interviews with people who collect and reflect on personal information. We derived a stage-based model of personal informatics systems composed of five stages (preparation, collection, integration, reflection, and action) and identified barriers in each of the stages. These stages have four essential properties: barriers cascade to later stages; they are iterative; they are user-driven and/or system-driven; and they are uni-faceted or multi-faceted. From these properties, we recommend that personal informatics systems should 1) be designed in a holistic manner across the stages; 2) allow iteration between stages; 3) apply an appropriate balance of automated technology and user control within each stage to facilitate the user experience; and 4) explore support for associating multiple facets of people's lives to enrich the value of systems. Human Factors CHI Design Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Anind K. Dey interviews reflection user experience collections Jodi Forlizzi model Ian Li 2010 barriers personal informatics CHI10-063 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Deception and magic in collaborative interaction. We explore the ways in which interfaces can be designed to deceive users so as to create the illusion of magic. We present a study of an experimental performance in which a magician used a computer vision system to conduct a series of illusions based on the well-known 'three cups' magic trick. We explain our findings in terms of the two broad strategies of misdirecting attention and setting false expectations, articulating specific tactics that were employed in each case. We draw on existing theories of collaborative and spectator interfaces, ambiguity and interpretation, and trajectories through experiences to explain our findings in broader HCI terms. We also extend and integrate current theory to provide refined sensitising concepts for analysing deceptive interactions. CHI Design hci theory trajectories attention ambiguity University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Steve Benford trajectories interaction performance deception deception spectator interface computer vision ambiguity magic Tony Pridmore 2010 Joe Marshall feedthrough misdirection CHI10-064 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems FingerCloud: uncertainty and autonomy handover incapacitive sensing. We describe a particle filtering approach to inferring finger movements on capacitive sensing arrays. This technique allows the efficient combination of human movement models with accurate sensing models, and gives high-fidelity results with low-resolution sensor grids and tracks finger height. Our model provides uncertainty estimates, which can be linked to the interaction to provide appropriately smoothed responses as sensing perfomance degrades; system autonomy is increased as estimates of user behaviour become less certain. We demonstrate the particle filter approach with a map browser running with a very small sensor board, where finger position uncertainty is linked to autonomy handover. Human Factors CHI sensing University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom John Williamson Roderick Murray-Smith uncertainty 2010 Craig Stewart Simon Rogers capacitive sensing h-metaphor particle filters probabilistic interaction CHI10-065 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The generalized perceived input point model and how to double touch accuracy by extracting fingerprints. It is generally assumed that touch input cannot be accurate because of the fat finger problem, i.e., the softness of the fingertip combined with the occlusion of the target by the finger. In this paper, we show that this is not the case. We base our argument on a new model of touch inaccuracy. Our model is not based on the fat finger problem, but on the perceived input point model. In its published form, this model states that touch screens report touch location at an offset from the intended target. We generalize this model so that it represents offsets for individual finger postures and users. We thereby switch from the traditional 2D model of touch to a model that considers touch a phenomenon in 3-space. We report a user study, in which the generalized model explained 67% of the touch inaccuracy that was previously attributed to the fat finger problem. In the second half of this paper, we present two devices that exploit the new model in order to improve touch accuracy. Both model touch on per-posture and per-user basis in order to increase accuracy by applying respective offsets. Our RidgePad prototype extracts posture and user ID from the user's fingerprint during each touch interaction. In a user study, it achieved 1.8 times higher accuracy than a simulated capacitive baseline condition. A prototype based on optical tracking achieved even 3.3 times higher accuracy. The increase in accuracy can be used to make touch interfaces more reliable, to pack up to 3.32 > 10 times more controls into the same surface, or to bring touch input to very small mobile devices. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input user study Experimentation Performance touch pointing mobile touchpads Measurement mobile devices mobile devices Patrick Baudisch touch screens touch Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany touch screens input 2010 Christian Holz 6dof fingerprint scanner precision targeting CHI10-066 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Finger-count & radial-stroke shortcuts: 2 techniques for augmenting linear menus on multi-touch surfaces. We propose Radial-Stroke and Finger-Count Shortcuts, two techniques aimed at augmenting the menubar on multi-touch surfaces. We designed these multi-finger two-handed interaction techniques in an attempt to overcome the limitations of direct pointing on interactive surfaces, while maintaining compatibility with traditional interaction techniques. While Radial-Stroke Shortcuts exploit the well-known advantages of Radial Strokes, Finger-Count Shortcuts exploit multi-touch by simply counting the number of fingers of each hand in contact with the surface. We report the results of an experimental evaluation of our technique, focusing on expert-mode performance. Finger-Count Shortcuts outperformed Radial-Stroke Shortcuts in terms of both easiness of learning and performance speed. Human Factors CHI learning touch pointing Yves Guiard interaction techniques two-handed interaction interactive surface multi-touch Eric Lecolinet multi-touch two-handed interaction 2010 Gilles Bailly Telecom-Paristech, paris, France Telecom-ParisTech, paris, France menu techniques multi-finger interaction CHI10-067 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Speech dasher: fast writing using speech and gaze. Speech Dasher allows writing using a combination of speech and a zooming interface. Users first speak what they want to write and then they navigate through the space of recognition hypotheses to correct any errors. Speech Dasher's model combines information from a speech recognizer, from the user, and from a letter-based language model. This allows fast writing of anything predicted by the recognizer while also providing seamless fallback to letter-by-letter spelling for words not in the recognizer's predictions. In a formative user study, expert users wrote at 40 (corrected) words per minute. They did this despite a recognition word error rate of 22%. Furthermore, they did this using only speech and the direction of their gaze (obtained via an eye tracker). Human Factors CHI speech user study Experimentation Performance speech recognition eye tracking gaze multimodal interfaces language University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom zooming Keith Vertanen 2010 David J.C. MacKay CHI10-068 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems NiCEBook: supporting natural note taking. In this paper, we present NiCEBook, a paper notebook that supports taking, structuring and reusing notes. Through a study of note-taking habits, we observed that different strategies are used to organize and share notes. Based on these observations, we developed a design for a notebook that combines different approaches to better support these activities. The details of our design were informed by an additional online survey. We emphasize the need to examine the characteristics of taking notes with paper notebooks in order to develop a digital system that resembles the quality of traditional writing. With NiCEBook, we present a solution that combines the flexibility and simplicity of taking notes on paper with the benefits of a digital representation. We demonstrate the capabilities of our system through customized views, searching and sharing functionality. CHI Design Performance sharing paper interfaces note-taking survey note-taking tagging 2010 Peter Brandl Christoph Richter Michael Haller Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Hagenberg, Austria digital notebook digital pen structuring CHI10-069 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The NiCE Discussion Room: Integrating Paper and Digital Media to Support Co-Located Group Meetings. Current technological solutions that enable content creation and sharing during group discussion meetings are often cumbersome to use, and are commonly abandoned for traditional paper-based tools, which provide flexibility in supporting a wide range of working styles and task activities that may occur in a given meeting. Paper-based tools, however, have their own drawbacks; paper-based content is difficult to modify or replicate. We introduce a novel digital meeting room design, the NiCE Discussion Room, which integrates digital and paper tools into a cohesive system with an intuitive pen-based interface. The combination of digital and paper media provides groups with a flexible design solution that enables them to create, access, and share information and media from a variety of sources to facilitate group discussions. This paper describes the design solution, along with results from a user study conducted to evaluate the usability and utility of the system. Human Factors CHI Design user study Experimentation usability sharing MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA interactive surface pen design University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada co-located collaboration pen-based interfaces Stacey D. Scott 2010 Peter Brandl Christoph Richter Michael Haller Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Hagenberg, Austria Jakob Leitner Thomas Seifried James R. Wallace Adam Gokcezade Seth Hunter digital meeting room multi-user input CHI10-070 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Weightless walls and the future office. In this paper we describe how future office environments can benefit from the addition of weightless walls virtual, sound blocking walls created using headsets. We particularly focus on exploring how different interaction techniques can be employed to efficiently create, erase, or edit the layouts of these walls, and envisioning how they could impact the overall office experience. Metaphorically, the end effect of integrating weightless walls into offices is that space will be treated in a way similar to how random access memory is treated in PCs; as a shared resource open to dynamic allocations, and whose usage is periodically optimized in real time according to the collective activities of the occupants. Furthermore, we view weightless walls as harbingers of the emergence of synthetic space the eventual fusion of the architectural environment with the distinctive properties of digital bits. Human Factors CHI Design interaction techniques memory 2010 Yuichiro Takeuchi Sony CSL, Tokyo, Japan active noise control office design smart furniture synthetic space weightless wall CHI10-071 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Access Control for Home Data Sharing: Attitudes, Needs and Practices. As digital content becomes more prevalent in the home, non-technical users are increasingly interested in sharing that content with others and accessing it from multiple devices. Not much is known about how these users think about controlling access to this data. To better understand this, we conducted semi-structured, in-situ interviews with 33 users in 15 households. We found that users create ad-hoc access-control mechanisms that do not always work; that their ideal policies are complex and multi-dimensional; that a priori policy specification is often insufficient; and that people's mental models of access control and security are often misaligned with current systems. We detail these findings and present a set of associated guidelines for designing usable access-control systems for the home environment. Human Factors CHI Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA sharing interviews home privacy Lorrie Faith Cranor security Security security access control Lujo Bauer Michael K. Reiter Kami Vaniea University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA home computing 2010 Joanna Bresee Michelle L. Mazurek J. P. Arsenault Nitin Gupta Iulia Ion Christina Johns Daniel Lee Yuan Liang Jenny Olsen Brandon Salmon Richard Shay Gregory R. Ganger ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland CHI10-072 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Sharing conversation and sharing life: video conferencing in the home. Video conferencing is a technology that families and friends use to connect with each other over distance. However, even with such technology readily available, we still do not have a good understanding of how video conferencing systems are used by people as a part of their domestic communication practices. For this reason, we have conducted interviews with 21 adults in the United States to understand video conferencing routines in the home and to inform the design of future domestic communication technologies. Our findings illustrate the importance of discerning availability and willingness to video conference prior to calling, the need to share everyday life activities in addition to conversation, and a need for new privacy protecting strategies that focus on autonomy and solitude as opposed to confidentiality. Human Factors CHI Design sharing Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA conversation communication video privacy media space interviews home families families video conferencing Carman Neustaedter Kodak Research Labs, Rochester, NY, USA video conferencing domestic 2010 Tejinder K. Judge CHI10-073 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Who's hogging the bandwidth: the consequences of revealing the invisible in the home. As more technologies enter the home, householders are burdened with the task of digital housekeeping-managing and sharing digital resources like bandwidth. In response to this, we created and evaluated a domestic tool for bandwidth management called Home Watcher. Our field trial showed that when resource contention amongst different household members is made visible, people's understanding of bandwidth changes and household politics are revealed. In this paper, we describe the consequences of showing real time resource usage in a home, and how this varies depending on the social make up of the household. Human Factors CHI sharing Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA home Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom field trial Abigail Sellen Richard Harper Marshini Chetty 2010 Richard Banks Tim Regan Christos Gkantsidis Thomas Karagiannis Peter Key bandwidth monitoring home broadband home networks CHI10-074 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Investigating narrative in mobile games for seniors. Narratives are an intimate part of our lives. Based on beha-vioral research suggesting that older adults tend to process text better at discourse level, this study investigates the im-pact of narrative structure on the enjoyment level of older game players. Two variations of a casual memory mobile game were built, one with a narrative and the other one without. Nineteen senior citizens, differentiated according to their play orientation, play-tested the games. Results show that embedding narratives in mobile games enhances the play experience of older adults, irrespective of their play style. This may have implications both for game developers and for seniors' acceptance of casual games. CHI Design Experimentation Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA games mobile narrative memory im mobile games National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore elderly Henry Been-Lirn Duh 2010 Sharon Lynn Chu Yew Yee Francis Quek enjoyment narrative structure CHI10-075 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A study of tabbed browsing among mozilla firefox users. We present a study which investigated how and why users of Mozilla Firefox use multiple tabs and windows during web browsing. The detailed web browsing usage of 21 participants was logged over a period of 13 to 21 days each, and was supplemented by qualitative data from diary entries and interviews. Through an examination of several measures of their tab usage, we show that our participants had a strong preference for the use of tabs rather than multiple windows. We report the reasons they cited for using tabs, and the advantages over multiple windows. We identify several common tab usage patterns which browsers could explicitly support. Finally, we look at how tab usage affects web page revisitation. Most of our participants switched tabs more often than they used the back button, making tab switching the second most important navigation mechanism in the browser, after link clicking. Human Factors CHI browsing World Wide Web navigation web browsing Ravin Balakrishnan interviews University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada revisitation web browsing hypertext web browser interfaces 2010 Patrick Dubroy tabbed document interfaces tabs CHI10-076 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Using text animated transitions to support navigation in document histories. This article examines the benefits of using text animated transitions for navigating in the revision history of textual documents. We propose an animation technique for smoothly transitioning between different text revisions, then present the Diffamation system. Diffamation supports rapid exploration of revision histories by combining text animated transitions with simple navigation and visualization tools. We finally describe a user study showing that smooth text animation allows users to track changes in the evolution of textual documents more effectively than flipping pages. Human Factors CHI Design user study visualization Jean-Daniel Fekete navigation documents animation history INRIA and LRI - University Paris-Sud & CNRS, Orsay, France Fanny Chevalier Microsoft Research - INRIA Joint Centre, Orsay, France Pierre Dragicevic Anastasia Bezerianos text editing 2010 INIRA, Orsay, France Ecole Centrale Paris, Paris, France animated transitions revision control CHI10-077 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Dynamic query interface for spatial proximity query with degree-of-interest varied by distance to query point. In this paper we present an interactive query interface called "TrapezoidBox" to support spatial proximity queries where users' degree of interest varies depending upon the degree of separation from the point of interest. Spatial proximity queries are commonly built in information seeking tasks especially on online maps. If not impossible, it is hard to formulate spatial proximity queries using existing dynamic query widgets such as range sliders. TrapezoidBox allows users to easily build spatial proximity queries by interactively adjusting a trapezoidal function. Our controlled user study results show that TrapezoidBox has several advantages over a baseline interface with range sliders. Human Factors CHI Design user study information seeking degree of interest 2010 Bohyoung Kim Jinwook Seo Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Myoungsu Cho Dong Kyun Jeong Yeong-Gil Shin Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin, South Korea dynamic query interface spatial proximity query tab interface visual information seeking CHI10-078 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Learning on the job: characterizing the programming knowledge and learning strategies of web designers. This paper reports on a study of professional web designers and developers. We provide a detailed characterization of their knowledge of fundamental programming concepts elicited through card sorting. Additionally, we present qualitative findings regarding their motivation to learn new concepts and the learning strategies they employ. We find a high level of recognition of basic concepts, but we identify a number of concepts that they do not fully understand, consider difficult to learn, and use infrequently. We also note that their learning process is motivated by work projects and often follows a pattern of trial and error. We conclude with implications for end-user programming researchers. Human Factors CHI learning programming Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA motivation informal learning end-user programming 2010 Brian Dorn Mark Guzdial web development CHI10-079 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A strategy-centric approach to the design of end-user debugging tools. End-user programmers' code is notoriously buggy. This problem is amplified by the increasing complexity of end users' programs. To help end users catch errors early and reliably, we employ a novel approach for the design of end-user debugging tools: a focus on supporting end users' effective debugging strategies. This paper makes two contributions. We first demonstrate the potential of a strategy-centric approach to tool design by presenting StratCel, an add-in for Excel. Second, we show the benefits of this design approach: participants using StratCel found twice as many bugs as participants using standard Excel, they fixed four times as many bugs, and all this in only a small fraction of the time. Other contributions included: a boost in novices' debugging performance near experienced participants' improved levels, validated design guidelines, a discussion of the generalizability of this approach, and several opportunities for future research. Human Factors CHI Design George G. Robertson debugging Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Margaret Burnett end-user software engineering Valentina Grigoreanu 2010 Microsoft Corporation and Oregon State University, Redmond, WA, USA Microsoft Research, Northeast Harbor, ME, USA debugging strategies debugging tools tool design CHI10-080 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Here's what i did: sharing and reusing web activity with ActionShot. ActionShot is an integrated web browser tool that creates a fine-grained history of users' browsing activities by continually recording their browsing actions at the level of interactions, such as button clicks and entries into form fields. ActionShot provides interfaces to facilitate browsing and searching through this history, sharing portions of the history through established social networking tools such as Facebook, and creating scripts that can be used to repeat previous interactions at a later time. ActionShot can also create short textual summaries for sequences of interactions. In this paper, we describe the ActionShot and our initial explorations of the tool through field deployments within our organization and a lab study. Overall, we found that ActionShot's history features provide value beyond typical browser history interfaces. Human Factors CHI Design Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA browsing sharing Algorithms IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA history reuse social networking web browser Jeffrey Nichols CoScripter facebook sharing social networking Tessa Lau Clemens Drews Allen Cypher Ian Li 2010 ActionShot web browser history CHI10-081 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Avaaj Otalo: a field study of an interactive voice forum for small farmers in rural India. In this paper we present the results of a field study of Avaaj Otalo (literally, "voice stoop"), an interactive voice application for small-scale farmers in Gujarat, India. Through usage data and interviews, we describe how 51 farmers used the system over a seven month pilot deployment. The most popular feature of Avaaj Otalo was a forum for asking questions and browsing others' questions and responses on a range of agricultural topics. The forum developed into a lively social space with the emergence of norms, persistent moderation, and a desire for both structured interaction with institutionally sanctioned authorities and open discussion with peers. For all 51 users this was the first experience participating in an online community of any sort. In terms of usability, simple menu-based navigation was readily learned, with users preferring numeric input over speech. We conclude by discussing implications of our findings for designing voice-based social media serving rural communities in India and elsewhere. Human Factors CHI Design speech input usability browsing navigation University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA interviews field study community India voice user interfaces interactive voice-response systems (IVRs) online communities social media Tapan S. Parikh ICTD Neil Patel Paresh Dave IBM India Research Laboratory, New Delhi, India Development Support Center, Ahmedabad, India 2010 Deepti Chittamuru Anupam Jain voice forum CHI10-082 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems An exploratory study of unsupervised mobile learning in rural India. Cellphones have the potential to improve education for the millions of underprivileged users in the developing world. However, mobile learning in developing countries remains under-studied. In this paper, we argue that cellphones are a perfect vehicle for making educational opportunities accessible to rural children in places and times that are more convenient than formal schooling. We carried out participant observations to identify the opportunities in their everyday lives for mobile learning. We next conducted a 26-week study to investigate the extent to which rural children will voluntarily make use of cellphones to access educational content. Our results show a reasonable level of academic learning and motivation. We also report on the social context around these results. Our goal is to examine the feasibility of mobile learning in out-of-school settings in rural, underdeveloped areas, and to help more researchers learn how to undertake similarly difficult studies around mobile computing in the developing world. CHI Design learning children Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Experimentation context mobile University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA motivation cell phones India education informal learning John Canny mobile computing Matthew Kam Anuj Kumar developing countries mobile learning Anuj Tewari 2010 Deepti Chittamuru Geeta Shroff out-of-school learning CHI10-083 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Where there's a will there's a way: mobile media sharing in urban india. We present the results of a qualitative study of the sharing and consumption of entertainment media on low-cost mobile phones in urban India, a practice which has evolved into a vibrant, informal socio-technical ecosystem. This wide-ranging phenomenon includes end users, mobile phone shops, and content distributors, and exhibits remarkable ingenuity. Even more impressive is the number of obstacles which have been surmounted in its establishment, from the technical (interface complexity, limited Internet access, viruses), to the broader socioeconomic (cost, language, legality, institutional rules, lack of privacy), all seemingly due to a strong desire to be entertained. Our findings carry two implications for projects in HCI seeking to employ technology in service of social and economic development. First, although great attention is paid to the details of UI in many such projects, we find that sufficient user motivation towards a goal turns UI barriers into mere speed bumps. Second, we suggest that needs assessments carry an inherent bias towards what outsiders consider needs, and that identified "needs" may not be as strongly felt as perceived. Human Factors CHI Design hci sharing Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA mobile attention University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA motivation language privacy mobile phones qualitative studies Kentaro Toyama Microsoft Research India, Bangalore, India Indrani Medhi mobile phones sharing video social networking 2010 Thomas N. Smyth Satish Kumar bluetooth CHI10-084 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Patterns of usage in an enterprise file-sharing service: publicizing, discovering, and telling the news. How do people use an enterprise file-sharing service? We describe patterns of usage in a social file-sharing service that was deployed in a large multinational enterprise. Factor analyses revealed four factors: Upload & Publicize (regarding one's own files); Annotate & Watch (add information to files and maintain awareness); Discover & Tell (find files uploaded by other users, and communicate to additional users about those files); and Refind (re-use one's own files). We explore the attributes of users who score highly on each of these factors, and we propose implications for design to encourage innovation in usage. Human Factors CHI sharing awareness David R. Millen social software IBM Research, Cambridge, MA, USA Michael J. Muller enterprise file sharing Jonathan Feinberg 2010 CHI10-085 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The life and times of files and information: a study of desktop provenance. In the field of Human-Computer Interaction, provenance refers to the history and genealogy of a document or file. Provenance helps us to understand the evolution and relationships of files; how and when different versions of a document were created, or how different documents in a collection build on each other through copy-paste events. Though methods for tracking provenance and the subsequent use of this meta-data have been proposed and developed into tools, there have been no studies documenting the types and frequency of provenance events in typical computer use. This is knowledge essential for the design of efficient query methods and information displays. We conducted a longitudinal study of knowledge workers at Intel Corporation tracking provenance events in their computer use. We also interviewed knowledge workers to determine the effectiveness of provenance cues for document recall. Our data shows that provenance relationships are common, and provenance cues aid recall. Human Factors CHI documents history human-computer interaction Carlos Jensen Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA documents 2010 Jill Cao Heather Lonsdale Eleanor Wynn Michael Slater Thomas G. Dietterich Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA desktop search file organization provenance CHI10-086 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The effect of audience design on labeling, organizing, and finding shared files. In an online experiment, I apply theory from psychology and communications to find out whether group information management tasks are governed by the same communication processes as conversation. This paper describes results that replicate previous research, and expand our knowledge about audience design and packaging for future reuse when communication is mediated by a co-constructed artifact like a file-and-folder hierarchy. Results indicate that it is easier for information consumers to search for files in hierarchies created by information producers who imagine their intended audience to be someone similar to them, independent of whether the producer and consumer actually share common ground. This research helps us better understand packaging choices made by information producers, and the direct implications of those choices for other users of group information systems. Human Factors CHI theory conversation communication search experiment common ground common ground reuse Emilee Rader Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA 2010 audience design file labeling and organizing group information management CHI10-087 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Fitting an activity-centric system into an ecology of workplace tools. Knowledge workers expend considerable effort managing fragmentation, characterized by constant switching among digital artifacts, when executing work activities. Activity-centric computing (ACC) systems attempt to address this problem by organizing activity-related artifacts together. But are ACC systems effective at reducing fragmentation? In this paper, we present a two-part study of workers using Lotus Activities, an ACC system deployed for over two years in a large company. First, we surveyed workers to understand the ecology of workplace tools they use for various tasks. Second, we interviewed 22 Lotus Activities users to investigate how this ACC tool fits amongst their ecology of existing collaboration tools and affects work fragmentation. Our results indicate that Lotus Activities works in concert with certain other tools to successfully ease fragmentation for a specific type of activity. We identify design characteristics that contribute to this result. CHI Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Experimentation CSCW IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA collaboration user study workplace Tara Matthews Aruna D. Balakrishnan office 2010 Thomas P. Moran activity-centric computing CHI10-088 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Mobile music touch: mobile tactile stimulation for passive learning. Mobile Music Touch (MMT) helps teach users to play piano melodies while they perform other tasks. MMT is a lightweight, wireless haptic music instruction system consisting of fingerless gloves and a mobile Bluetooth enabled computing device, such as a mobile phone. Passages to be learned are loaded into the mobile phone and are played repeatedly while the user performs other tasks. As each note of the music plays, vibrators on each finger in the gloves activate, indicating which finger is used to play each note. We present two studies on the efficacy of MMT. The first measures 16 subjects' ability to play a passage after using MMT for 30 minutes while performing a reading comprehension test. The MMT system was significantly more effective than a control condition where the passage was played repeatedly but the subjects' fingers were not vibrated. The second study compares the amount of time required for 10 subjects to replay short, randomly generated passages using passive training versus active training. Participants with no piano experience could repeat the passages after passive training while subjects with piano experience often could not. Human Factors CHI learning Experimentation touch Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA mobile tactile haptic music haptic tactile mobile phones music Thad Starner wearables Gil Weinberg 2010 Kevin Huang Ellen Do Daniel Kohlsdorf Claas Ahlrichs Ruediger Leibrandt Universiaet Bremen, Bremen, Germany Universitaet Bremen, Bremen, Germany passive training CHI10-089 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Characteristics of pressure-based input for mobile devices. We conducted a series of user studies to understand and clarify the fundamental characteristics of pressure in user interfaces for mobile devices. We seek to provide insight to clarify a longstanding discussion on mapping functions for pressure input. Previous literature is conflicted about the correct transfer function to optimize user performance. Our study results suggest that the discrepancy can be explained by different signal conditioning circuitry and with improved signal conditioning the user-performed precision relationship is linear. We also explore the effects of hand pose when applying pressure to a mobile device from the front, the back, or simultaneously from both sides in a pinching movement. Our results indicate that grasping type input outperforms single-sided input and is competitive with pressure input against solid surfaces. Finally we provide an initial exploration of non-visual multimodal feedback, motivated by the desire for eyes-free use of mobile devices. The findings suggest that non-visual pressure input can be executed without degradation in selection time but suffers from accuracy problems. Human Factors CHI input user interfaces user study multimodal Experimentation selection University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA input devices mobile interaction techniques feedback tactile feedback University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom mobile devices mobile devices Sven Kratz Deutsche Telekom Laboratories, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany Michael Rohs haptic feedback pressure-based interaction pressure input 2010 Craig Stewart Georg Essl CHI10-090 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems LayerPaint: a multi-layer interactive 3D painting interface. Painting on 3D surfaces is an important operation in computer graphics, virtual reality, and computer aided design. The painting styles in existing WYSIWYG systems can be awkward, due to the difficulty in rotating or aligning an object for proper viewing during the painting. This paper proposes a multi-layer approach to building a practical, robust, and novel WYSIWYG interface for efficient painting on 3D models. The paintable area is not limited to the front-most visible surface on the screen as in conventional WYSIWYG interfaces. We can efficiently and interactively draw long strokes across different depth layers, and unveil occluded regions that one would like to see or paint on. In addition, since the painting is now depth-sensitive, we can avoid various potential painting artifacts and limitations in the conventional painting interfaces. This multi-layer approach brings in several novel painting operations that contribute to a more compelling WYSIWYG 3D painting interface; this is particular useful when dealing with complicated objects with occluded parts and objects that cannot be easily parameterized. We evaluated our system with 23 users, including both artists and novice painters, and obtained positive experimental results and feedback from them. The user study results demonstrate the efficacy of our novel interface over conventional painting interfaces. CHI Design user study Algorithms 3d feedback virtual reality 2010 Chi-Wing Fu Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Jiazhi Xia Ying He 3d painting depth segmentation wysiwyg interface CHI10-091 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The effects of diversity on group productivity and member withdrawal in online volunteer groups. The "wisdom of crowds" argument emphasizes the importance of diversity in online collaborations, such as open source projects and Wikipedia. However, decades of research on diversity in offline work groups have painted an inconclusive picture. On the one hand, the broader range of insights from a diverse group can lead to improved outcomes. On the other hand, individual differences can lead to conflict and diminished performance. In this paper, we examine the effects of group diversity on the amount of work accomplished and on member withdrawal behaviors in the context of WikiProjects. We find that increased diversity in experience with Wikipedia increases group productivity and decreases member withdrawal -- up to a point. Beyond that point, group productivity remains high, but members are more likely to withdraw. Strikingly, no such diminishing returns were observed for differences in member interest, which increases productivity and decreases member withdrawal in a linear fashion. Our results suggest that the low visibility of individual differences in online groups may allow them to harvest more of the benefits of diversity while bearing less of the cost. We discuss how our findings can inform further research of online collaboration. CHI Theory Experimentation context collaboration University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA wikipedia Wikipedia performance Jilin Chen Yuqing Ren John Riedl 2010 diversity online volunteer group CHI10-092 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Gender demographic targeting in sponsored search. In this research, we evaluate the effect of gender in analyzing the performance of sponsored search advertising. We examine a log file with data comprised of nearly 7,000,000 records spanning 33 consecutive months of a search engine marketing campaign from a major US retailer. We classify key phrases selected for the campaign with a probability of being targeted for a specific gender and then compare the consumer actions using the critical sponsored search metrics of impressions, clicks, cost-per-click, sales revenue, orders, and items sold. Findings from our analysis show that the gender-orientation of the key phrase is a significant determinant in predicting behaviors and performance, with statistically different consumer behaviors for all attributes as the probability of a male or female keyword phrase changes. However, gender neutral phrases perform the best overall, calling into question the benefits of demographic targeting. Insight from this research could result in sponsored results being more effectively targeted to searchers and potential consumers. Human Factors CHI search Measurement The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Economics gender gender 2010 Bernard J. Jansen Lauren Solomon gender personalization keyword advertising pay-per-click ppc sponsored search target audience description CHI10-093 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Exploring the workplace communication ecology. The modern workplace is inherently collaborative, and this collaboration relies on effective communication among co-workers. Many communication tools -- email, blogs, wikis, Twitter, etc. -- have become increasingly available and accepted in workplace communications. In this paper, we report on a study of communications technologies used over a one year period in a small US corporation. We found that participants used a large number of communication tools for different purposes, and that the introduction of new tools did not impact significantly the use of previously-adopted technologies. Further, we identified distinct classes of users based on patterns of tool use. This work has implications for the design of technology in the evolving ecology of communication tools. Human Factors CHI communication evaluation Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA communication email collaboration computer-mediated communication collaboration wiki blogs wiki Thea Turner Gene Golovchinsky Pernilla Qvarfordt instant messaging (IM) blogs Jacob T. Biehl email phones Maribeth Back face-to-face 2010 CHI10-094 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Making muscle-computer interfaces more practical. Recent work in muscle sensing has demonstrated the poten-tial of human-computer interfaces based on finger gestures sensed from electrodes on the upper forearm. While this approach holds much potential, previous work has given little attention to sensing finger gestures in the context of three important real-world requirements: sensing hardware suitable for mobile and off-desktop environments, elec-trodes that can be put on quickly without adhesives or gel, and gesture recognition techniques that require no new training or calibration after re-donning a muscle-sensing armband. In this note, we describe our approach to over-coming these challenges, and we demonstrate average clas-sification accuracies as high as 86% for pinching with one of three fingers in a two-session, eight-person experiment. Human Factors CHI Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA experiment context sensing mobile attention James A. Landay gestures University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Desney S. Tan gesture recognition Dan Morris electromyography (emg) T. Scott Saponas muscle-computer interfaces 2010 Jim Turner CHI10-095 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A novel brain-computer interface using a multi-touch surface. We present a novel integration of a brain-computer interface (BCI) with a multi-touch surface. BCIs based on the P300 paradigm often use a visual stimulus of a flashing character to elicit an event related potential in the brain's EEG signal. Traditionally, P300-based BCI paradigms use a grid layout of visual targets, commonly an alphabet, and allow users to select targets using their thoughts. In our new system a multi-touch table senses objects placed upon its surface and the system can highlight the objects on the table by flashing an area of light around them. This allows us to construct a P300-based BCI that uses a user-assembled collection of objects as targets, rather than a pre-determined grid layout. An experiment shows that our new paradigm works just as well as the traditional paradigms, thus highlighting the potential for BCIs to be integrated in a broader range of situations. CHI Design Experimentation touch experiment brain-computer interface p300 evoked potential University College London, London, United Kingdom multi-touch Anthony Steed 2010 multi-touch interfaces Beste F. Yuksel Michael Donnerer James Tompkin CHI10-096 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The influence of implicit and explicit biofeedback in first-person shooter games. To understand how implicit and explicit biofeedback work in games, we developed a first-person shooter (FPS) game to experiment with different biofeedback techniques. While this area has seen plenty of discussion, there is little rigorous experimentation addressing how biofeedback can enhance human-computer interaction. In our two-part study, (N=36) subjects first played eight different game stages with two implicit biofeedback conditions, with two simulation-based comparison and repetition rounds, then repeated the two biofeedback stages when given explicit information on the biofeedback. The biofeedback conditions were respiration and skin-conductance (EDA) adaptations. Adaptation targets were four balanced player avatar attributes. We collected data with psycho¬physiological measures (electromyography, respiration, and EDA), a game experience questionnaire, and game-play measures. According to our experiment, implicit biofeedback does not produce significant effects in player experience in an FPS game. In the explicit biofeedback conditions, players were more immersed and positively affected, and they were able to manipulate the game play with the biosignal interface. We recommend exploring the possibilities of using explicit biofeedback interaction in commercial games. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation experiment games human-computer interaction games avatars Toni Laitinen Timo Saari affective computing 2010 Kai Kuikkaniemi Marko Turpeinen Ilkka Kosunen Niklas Ravaja Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Espoo, Finland Center for Knowledge and Innovation Research, Helsinki, Finland biofeedback biosignals explicit biofeedback implicit biofeedback playing CHI10-097 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Effects of interactivity and 3D-motion on mental rotation brain activity in an immersive virtual environment. The combination of virtual reality (VR) and brain measurements is a promising development of HCI, but the maturation of this paradigm requires more knowledge about how brain activity is influenced by parameters of VR applications. To this end we investigate the influence of two prominent VR parameters, 3d-motion and interactivity, while brain activity is measured for a mental rotation task, using functional MRI (fMRI). A mental rotation network of brain areas is identified, matching previous results. The addition of interactivity increases the activation in core areas of this network, with more profound effects in frontal and preparatory motor areas. The increases from 3d-motion are restricted to primarily visual areas. We relate these effects to emerging theories of cognition and potential applications for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Our results demonstrate one way to provoke increased activity in task-relevant areas, making it easier to detect and use for adaptation and development of HCI. Human Factors CHI Theory hci virtual reality virtual environments 3d Measurement Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden reality-based interaction virtual reality fMRI 2010 Daniel Sjölie Kenneth Bodin Eva Elgh Johan Eriksson Lars-Erik Janlert Lars Nyberg bci brain imaging vrfmri CHI10-098 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Scale detection for a priori gesture recognition. Gesture-based interfaces provide expert users with an efficient form of interaction but they require a learning effort for novice users. To address this problem, some on-line guiding techniques display all available gestures in response to partial input. However, partial input recognition algorithms are scale dependent while most gesture recognizers support scale independence (i.e., the same shape at different scales actually invokes the same command). We propose an algorithm for estimating the scale of any partial input in the context of a gesture recognition system and illustrate how it can be used to improve users' experience with gesture-based systems. Human Factors CHI learning input Algorithms context gestures gestures INRIA and LRI - University Paris-Sud & CNRS, Orsay, France Caroline Appert stroke gesture recognition recognition scale 2010 Olivier Bau CHI10-099 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Insight into goal-directed movement strategies. The current paper proposes a novel method of analyzing goal-directed movements by dividing them into distinct movement intervals. We demonstrate how the description of the first and second most prominent movement intervals in terms of duration and length can provide insight into the applied movement strategies under different conditions. This method, although demonstrated for goal-directed movements, has the potential to be generalized to other types of movements, such as steering movements. CHI Performance Measurement Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands Philips Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands Jean-Bernard Martens Dzmitry Aliakseyeu pointing tasks 2010 Karin Nieuwenhuizen computer input devices movement analysis CHI10-100 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Usable gestures for mobile interfaces: evaluating social acceptability. Gesture-based mobile interfaces require users to change the way they use technology in public settings. Since mobile phones are part of our public appearance, designers must integrate gestures that users perceive as acceptable for pub-lic use. This topic has received little attention in the litera-ture so far. The studies described in this paper begin to look at the social acceptability of a set of gestures with re-spect to location and audience in order to investigate possi-ble ways of measuring social acceptability. The results of the initial survey showed that location and audience had a significant impact on a user's willingness to perform ges-tures. These results were further examined through a user study where participants were asked to perform gestures in different settings (including a busy street) over repeated trials. The results of this work provide gesture design rec-ommendations as well as social acceptability evaluation guidelines. Human Factors CHI user study mobile attention gestures Stephen Brewster University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom survey mobile phones evaluation methodology gesture interfaces 2010 Julie Rico design recommendations social acceptability CHI10-101 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems iCanDraw: using sketch recognition and corrective feedback to assist a user in drawing human faces. When asked to draw, many people are hesitant because they consider themselves unable to draw well. This paper describes the first system for a computer to provide direction and feedback for assisting a user to draw a human face as accurately as possible from an image. Face recognition is first used to model the features of a human face in an image, which the user wishes to replicate. Novel sketch recognition algorithms were developed to use the information provided by the face recognition to evaluate the hand-drawn face. Two design iterations and user studies led to nine design principles for providing such instruction, presenting reference media, giving corrective feedback, and receiving actions from the user. The result is a proof-of-concept application that can guide a person through step-by-step instruction and generated feedback toward producing his/her own sketch of a human face in a reference image. Human Factors CHI Design user study feedback 2010 Daniel Dixon Manoj Prasad Tracy Hammond Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA assistive and corrective feedback computer-aided instruction pen-input computing sketch recognition CHI10-102 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Exploring the accessibility and appeal of surface computing for older adult health care support. This paper examines accessibility issues of surface computing with older adults and explores the appeal of surface computing for health care support. We present results from a study involving 20 older adults (age 60 to 88) performing gesture-based interactions on a multitouch surface. Older adults were able to successfully perform all actions on the surface computer, but some gestures that required two fingers (resize) and fine motor movement (rotate) were problematic. Ratings for ease of use and ease of performing each action as well as time required to figure out an action were similar to that of younger adults. Older adults reported that the surface computer was less intimidating, less frustrating, and less overwhelming than a traditional computer. The idea of using a surface computer for health care support was well-received by participants. We conclude with a discussion of design issues involving surface computing for older adults and use of this technology for health care. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation gestures health care health health care multi-touch James D. Hollan University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Anne Marie Piper multi-touch surface computing accessibility 2010 older adults Ross Campbell CHI10-103 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Patients, pacemakers, and implantable defibrillators: human values and security for wireless implantable medical devices. Implantable medical devices (IMDs) improve patients' quality of life and help sustain their lives. In this study, we explore patient views and values regarding their devices to inform the design of computer security for wireless IMDs. We interviewed 13 individuals with implanted cardiac devices. Key questions concerned the evaluation of 8 mockups of IMD security systems. Our results suggest that some systems that are technically viable are nonetheless undesirable to patients. Patients called out a number of values that affected their attitudes towards the systems, including perceived security, safety, freedom from unwanted cultural and historical associations, and self-image. In our analysis, we extend the Value Sensitive Design value dams and flows technique in order to suggest multiple, complementary systems; in our discussion, we highlight some of the usability, regulatory, and economic complexities that arise from offering multiple options. We conclude by offering design guidelines for future security systems for IMDs. Human Factors CHI Design usability University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA security Security security safety value sensitive design Tadayoshi Kohno safety Batya Friedman 2010 Alan Borning Tamara Denning Brian T. Gill William H. Maisel Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA Medical Device Safety Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA defibrillators embodied technologies implantable medical devices medical device security value dams and flows CHI10-104 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems One size does not fit all: applying the transtheoretical model to energy feedback technology design. Global warming, and the climate change it induces, is an urgent global issue. One remedy to this problem, and the focus of this paper, is to motivate sustainable energy usage behaviors by people. One approach is the development of technologies that provide real-time, continuous feedback of energy usage. However, there is one problem - most tech-nologies use a "one-size-fits-all" solution, providing the same feedback to differently motivated individuals at different stages of readiness, willingness and ableness to change. In this paper, we synthesize a wide range of motivational psychology literature to develop a motivational framework based on the Transtheoretical (aka Stages of Behavior Change) Model. For each stage, we state the mo-tivational goal(s), and recommendation(s) for how technol-ogies can reach these goals. Each goal and recommendation is supported by a rationale based on motivational literature. Each recommendation is supported by a simple textual example illustrating one way to apply the recommendation. Human Factors CHI Design Theory feedback design University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Saul Greenberg sustainability feedback Elaine M. Huang 2010 Helen Ai He motivational theory CHI10-105 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Small business applications of sourcemap: a web tool for sustainable design and supply chain transparency. This paper introduces sustainable design applications for small businesses through the Life Cycle Assessment and supply chain publishing platform Sourcemap.org. This web-based tool was developed through a year-long participatory design process with five small businesses in Scotland and in New England. Sourcemap was used as a diagnostic tool for carbon accounting, design and supply chain management. It offers a number of ways to market sustainable practices through embedded and printed visualizations. Our experiences confirm the potential of web sustainability tools and social media to expand the discourse and to negotiate the diverse goals inherent in social and environmental sustainability. CHI Design Theory participatory design Experimentation MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA visualization Hiroshi Ishii design process transparency sustainability social networks Leonardo Bonanni Matthew Hockenberry sustainability social media product design participatory design 2010 David Zwarg Chris Csikszentmihalyi Avencia Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA agriculture food and drink hospitality life cycle assessment marketing small business supply chain CHI10-106 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems FeedWinnower: layering structures over collections of information streams. Information overload is a growing threat to the productivity of today's knowledge workers, who need to keep track of multiple streams of information from various sources. RSS feed readers are a popular choice for syndicating information streams, but current tools tend to contribute to the overload problem instead of solving it. We introduce FeedWinnower, an enhanced feed aggregator that helps readers to filter feed items by four facets (topic, people, source, and time), thus facilitating feed triage. The combination of the four facets provides a powerful way for users to slice and dice their personal feeds. In addition, we present a formative evaluation of the prototype conducted with 15 knowledge workers in two different organizations. Human Factors CHI Design Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Gregorio Convertino Ed H. Chi Lichan Hong Bongwon Suh information overload information overload faceted browsing 2010 information stream Sanjay Kairam feed reader rss feed rss overload CHI10-107 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Tools-at-hand and learning in multi-session, collaborative search. Improving search interfaces and algorithms are major foci of HCI and information retrieval (IR) research respectively. However, less attention has been given to understanding how users collect, manage, organize, and share the results they find from conducting searches on the Web and designing tools to support their needs. In this paper, we present results from a study in which we interviewed 30 people in three cohorts (academic researchers, corporate workers, and people looking for medical information) about their current practices conducting, managing, and sharing information from on-going, exploratory searches. We report results on users' current practices, tool use, areas of difficulties and associated coping strategies with emphasis on how information seekers use a variety of "tools-at-hand" beyond search engines and web browsers as they search, process, and share results, and on the learning processes that occur as they seek and use information over time. Human Factors CHI Design learning hci Experimentation sharing search attention web browser collaborative search personal information management information seeking University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA exploratory search information retrieval Gary Marchionini 2010 Robert Capra Javier Velasco-Martin Katrina Muller CHI10-108 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Share: a programming environment for loosely bound cooperation. We introduce a programming environment entitled Share that is designed to encourage loosely bound cooperation between individuals within communities of practice through the sharing of code. Loosely bound cooperation refers to the opportunity community members have to assist and share resources with one another while maintaining their autonomy and independent practice. We contrast this model with forms of collaboration that enable large numbers of distributed individuals to collaborate on large scale works where they are guided by a shared vision of what they are collectively trying to achieve. We hypothesize that providing fine-grained, publicly visible attribution of code sharing activity within a community can provide socially motivated encouragement for code sharing. We present an overview of the design of our tool and the objectives that guided its design and a discussion of a small-scale deployment of our prototype among members of a particular community of practice. Human Factors CHI CSCW sharing MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA visualization programming collaboration Judith Donath collaboration community community social software programming Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA cooperation 2010 Yannick Assogba open source CHI10-109 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Enhancing directed content sharing on the web. To find interesting, personally relevant web content, people rely on friends and colleagues to pass links along as they encounter them. In this paper, we study and augment link-sharing via e-mail, the most popular means of sharing web content today. Armed with survey data indicating that active sharers of novel web content are often those that actively seek it out, we developed FeedMe, a plug-in for Google Reader that makes directed sharing of content a more salient part of the user experience. FeedMe recommends friends who may be interested in seeing content that the user is viewing, provides information on what the recipient has seen and how many emails they have received recently, and gives recipients the opportunity to provide lightweight feedback when they appreciate shared content. FeedMe introduces a novel design space within mixed-initiative social recommenders: friends who know the user voluntarily vet the material on the user's behalf. We performed a two-week field experiment (N=60) and found that FeedMe made it easier and more enjoyable to share content that recipients appreciated and would not have found otherwise. Human Factors CHI Design sharing MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA experiment feedback survey user experience David R. Karger Michael Bernstein recommender systems blogs Robert C. Miller 2010 Adam Marcus friendsourcing rss social link sharing CHI10-110 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Cultural difference in image tagging. Do people from different cultures tag digital images differently? The current study compared the content of tags for digital images created by two cultural groups: European Americans and Chinese. In line with previous findings on cultural differences in attentional patterns, we found similar cultural differences in the order of the image parts (e.g., foreground or background objects) that people tag. We found that for European Americans, the first tag was more likely assigned to the main objects than that by Chinese; but for Chinese, the first tag was more likely assigned to the overall description or relations between objects in the images. The findings had significant implications for designing cultural-sensitive tools to facilitate the tagging and search process of digital media, as well as for developing data-mining tools that identify user profiles based on their tagging patterns and cultural origins. Human Factors CHI Experimentation University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA search attention tagging Wai-Tat Fu annotation tagging perception 2010 Wei Dong cultural difference image tagging CHI10-111 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Social tagging revamped: supporting the users' need of self-promotion through persuasive techniques. People share pictures online to increase their social presence. However, recent studies have shown that most of the content shared in social networks is not looked at by peers. Proper metadata can be generated and used to improve the retrieval of this content. In spite of this, we still lack solutions for collecting valid descriptors of content that can be used effectively in the context of social information navigation. In this paper, we propose a mechanism based on persuasive techniques to support peers in providing metadata for multimedia content that can be used for a person's self-promotion. Through an iterative design and experimentation process, we demonstrate how this methodology can be used effectively to increase one's social presence thus building more enjoyable, rich, and creative content that is shared in the social network. In addition, we highlight implications that inform the design of social games with a purpose. Human Factors CHI University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA multimedia metadata navigation games presence context methodology social networks social presence tagging information overload social networks self-presentation Mauro Cherubini 2010 Alejandro Gutierrez Rodrigo de Oliveira Nuria Oliver Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain facebook fatigue mutual modeling CHI10-112 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Some observations on the "live" collaborative tagging of audio conferences in the enterprise. This paper describes preliminary findings related to a system for "live" collaborative tagging of enterprise meetings taking place on an audio bridge between distributed participants. Participants can apply tags to different points of the interaction as it is ongoing and can see, in near real-time, the "flow" of tags as they are being contributed. Two novel types of tags are proposed: "deep tags" that apply to a portion of the interaction and "instant tags" that apply to an instant of the interaction. Our system is being used by enterprise users and we analyze a corpus of 737 live-tags collected from 16 conversations that took place over several months. We found that the live-tags for audio have slightly different characteristics from Web 2.0 tags: they are longer and confer affordances on the audio like description and summarization. Some observations on the "cognitive cost" of live-tagging are offered. Human Factors CHI Design audio conversation multimedia tagging annotation note-taking activity capture 2010 Shreeharsh Kelkar Ajita John Doree Duncan Seligmann Avaya Labs Research, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA audio recording collaborative tagging CHI10-113 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Perceptions and practices of usability in the free/open source software (FoSS) community. This paper presents results from a study examining perceptions and practices of usability in the free/open source software (FOSS) community. 27 individuals associated with 11 different FOSS projects were interviewed to understand how they think about, act on, and are motivated to address usability issues. Our results indicate that FOSS project members possess rather sophisticated notions of software usability, which collectively mirror definitions commonly found in HCI textbooks. Our study also uncovered a wide range of practices that ultimately work to improve software usability. Importantly, these activities are typically based on close, direct interpersonal relationships between developers and their core users, a group of users who closely follow the project and provide high quality, respected feedback. These relationships, along with positive feedback from other users, generate social rewards that serve as the primary motivations for attending to usability issues on a day-to-day basis. These findings suggest a need to reconceptualize HCI methods to better fit this culture of practice and its corresponding value system. CHI Design culture hci usability motivation feedback community University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Michael Terry Matthew Kay 2010 Ben Lafreniere bleeding edge users core users reference users CHI10-114 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems End-user mashup programming: through the design lens. Programming has recently become more common among ordinary end users of computer systems. We believe that these end-user programmers are not just coders but also designers, in that they interlace making design decisions with coding rather than treating them as two separate phases. To better understand and provide support for the programming and design needs of end users, we propose a design theory-based approach to look at end-user programming. Toward this end, we conducted a think-aloud study with ten end users creating a web mashup. By analyzing users' verbal and behavioral data using Schön's reflection-in-action design model and the notion of ideations from creativity literature, we discovered insights into end-user programmers' problem-solving attempts, successes, and obstacles, with accompanying implications for the design of end-user programming environments for mashups. The contribution of our work is three-fold: 1) the methodology of using a design lens to view programming, 2) evidence, through insights gained, of the usefulness of this approach, and 3) the implications themselves. Human Factors CHI Design theory end-user programming programming methodology creativity design mashups Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA end-user programming Yann Riche Margaret Burnett Susan Wiedenbeck Valentina Grigoreanu 2010 Jill Cao Riche Design, Seattle, USA Oregon State University, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA CHI10-115 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems What would other programmers do: suggesting solutions to error messages. Interpreting compiler errors and exception messages is challenging for novice programmers. Presenting examples of how other programmers have corrected similar errors may help novices understand and correct such errors. This paper introduces HelpMeOut, a social recommender system that aids the debugging of error messages by suggesting solutions that peers have applied in the past. HelpMeOut comprises IDE instrumentation to collect examples of code changes that fix errors; a central database that stores fix reports from many users; and a suggestion interface that, given an error, queries the database for a list of relevant fixes and presents these to the programmer. We report on implementations of this architecture for two programming languages. An evaluation with novice programmers found that the technique can suggest useful fixes for 47% of errors after 39 person-hours of programming in an instrumented environment. Human Factors CHI Design programming University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Scott R. Klemmer Joel Brandt debugging debugging recommender systems recommender systems Björn Hartmann 2010 Daniel MacDougall CHI10-116 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Where are you pointing? the accuracy of deictic pointing in CVEs. Deictic reference -- pointing at things during conversation -- is ubiquitous in human communication, and should also be an important tool in distributed collaborative virtual environments (CVEs). Pointing gestures can be complex and subtle, however, and pointing is much more difficult in the virtual world. In order to improve the richness of interaction in CVEs, it is important to provide better support for pointing and deictic reference, and a first step in this support is to determine how well people can interpret the direction that another person is pointing. To investigate this question, we carried out two studies. The first identified several ways that people point towards distant targets, and established that not all pointing requires high accuracy. This suggested that natural CVE pointing could potentially be successful; but no knowledge is available about whether even moderate accuracy is possible in CVEs. Therefore, our second study looked more closely at how accurately people can produce and interpret the direction of pointing gestures in CVEs. We found that although people are more accurate in the real world, the differences are smaller than expected; our results show that deixis can be successful in CVEs for many pointing situations, and provide a foundation for more comprehensive support of deictic pointing. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation virtual environments conversation communication pointing pointing gestures gestures University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Carl Gutwin avatars Nelson Wong collaborative virtual enviroments (CVEs) 2010 CHI10-117 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Lie tracking: social presence, truth and deception in avatar-mediated telecommunication. The success of visual telecommunication systems depends on their ability to transmit and display users' natural nonverbal behavior. While video-mediated communication (VMC) is the most widely used form of interpersonal remote interaction, avatar-mediated communication (AMC) in shared virtual environments is increasingly common. This paper presents two experiments investigating eye tracking in AMC. The first experiment compares the degree of social presence experienced in AMC and VMC during truthful and deceptive discourse. Eye tracking data (gaze, blinking, and pupil size) demonstrates that oculesic behavior is similar in both mediation types, and uncovers systematic differences between truth telling and lying. Subjective measures show users' psychological arousal to be greater in VMC than AMC. The second experiment demonstrates that observers of AMC can more accurately detect truth and deception when viewing avatars with added oculesic behavior driven by eye tracking. We discuss implications for the design of future visual telecommunication media interfaces. Human Factors CHI Theory Experimentation virtual environments communication eye tracking experiment presence eye tracking video video-mediated communication mediated communication gaze virtual environments trust social presence University College London, London, United Kingdom avatars deception deception social presence video-mediated communication Anthony Steed 2010 William Steptoe Aitor Rovira John Rae Roehampton University, London, United Kingdom avatar-mediated communication CHI10-118 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Embodied social proxy: mediating interpersonal connection in hub-and-satellite teams. Current business conditions have given rise to distributed teams that are mostly collocated except for one remote member. These "hub-and-satellite" teams face the challenge of the satellite colleague being out-of-sight and out-of-mind. We developed a telepresence device, called an Embodied Social Proxy (ESP), which represents the satellite coworker 24x7. Beyond using ESPs in our own group, we deployed an ESP in four product teams within our company for six weeks. We studied how ESP was used through ethnographic observations, surveys, and usage log data. ESP not only increased the satellite worker's ability to fully participate in meetings, it also increased the hub's attention and affinity towards the satellite. The continuous physical presence of ESP in each team improved the interpersonal social connections between hub and satellite colleagues. Human Factors CHI Design Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA George G. Robertson presence attention Kori M. Inkpen Gina Venolia empirical study distributed collaboration Bongshin Lee University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA telepresence telepresence John C. Tang Sara Bly 2010 Ruy Cervantes Sara Bly Consulting, North Plains, OR, USA embodied video conferencing CHI10-119 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems MOSES: exploring new ground in media and post-conflict reconciliation. While the history of traditional media in post-conflict peace building efforts is rich and well studied, the potential for interactive new media technologies in this area has gone unexplored. In cooperation with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia, we have constructed a novel interactive kiosk system, called MOSES, for use in that country's post-conflict reconciliation effort. The system allows the sharing of video messages between Liberians throughout the country, despite the presence of little or no communications infrastructure. In this paper, we describe the MOSES system, including several innovative design elements. We also present a novel design methodology we employed to manage the various distances between our design team and the intended user group in Liberia. Finally, we report on a qualitative study of the system with 27 participants from throughout Liberia. The study found that participants saw MOSES as giving them a voice and connecting them to other Liberians throughout the country; that the system was broadly usable by low-literate, novice users without human assistance; that the embodied conversational agent used in our design shows considerable promise; that users generally ascribed foreign involvement to the system; and that the system encouraged heavily group-oriented usage. CHI Performance sharing agents presence Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA methodology history video qualitative studies user generated content 2010 Thomas N. Smyth John Etherton Michael L. Best conversational agent liberia new media post-conflict reconciliation CHI10-120 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Blogging in a region of conflict: supporting transition to recovery. The blogosphere is changing how people experience war and conflict. We conducted an analysis of 125 blogs written by Iraqi citizens experiencing extreme disruption in their country. We used Hoffman's [8] stages of recovery model to understand how blogs support people in a region where conflict is occurring. We found that blogs create a safe virtual environment where people could interact, free of the violence in the physical environment and of the strict social norms of their changing society in wartime. Second, blogs enable a large network of global support through their interactive and personal nature. Third, blogs enable people experiencing a conflict to engage in dialogue with people outside their borders to discuss their situation. We discuss how blogs enable people to collaboratively interpret conflict through communities of interest and discussion with those who comment. We discuss how technology can better support blog use in a global environment. Human Factors CHI virtual environments community blogs empirical study University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Gloria Mark Ban Al-Ani Bryan Semaan disrupted environments blogs 2010 understanding the user CHI10-121 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Microblogging during two natural hazards events: what twitter may contribute to situational awareness. We analyze microblog posts generated during two recent, concurrent emergency events in North America via Twitter, a popular microblogging service. We focus on communications broadcast by people who were "on the ground" during the Oklahoma Grassfires of April 2009 and the Red River Floods that occurred in March and April 2009, and identify information that may contribute to enhancing situational awareness (SA). This work aims to inform next steps for extracting useful, relevant information during emergencies using information extraction (IE) techniques. Human Factors CHI Design University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA awareness computer-mediated communication Leysia Palen disasters 2010 micro-blogging Sarah Vieweg Amanda L. Hughes Kate Starbird crisis informatics emergency hazards situational awareness CHI10-122 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The secure haptic keypad: a tactile password system. Authentication in public spaces poses significant security risks. Most significantly, passwords can be stolen, potentially leading to fraud. A common method to steal a PIN is through an observation attack, either using a camera or through direct observation (e.g. shoulder-surfing). This paper addresses this problem by presenting the design and implementation of a novel input keypad which uses tactile cues as means to compose a password. In this system, passwords are encoded as a sequence of randomized vibration patterns, making it visually impossible for an observer to detect which items are selected. An evaluation of this system shows it outperforms previous interfaces which have used tactile feedback to obfuscate passwords. Human Factors CHI input Experimentation tactile feedback haptic user study tactile feedback security Security security Ian Oakley Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea 2010 tactile ui Andrea Bianchi Dong Soo Kwon Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal pin entry CHI10-123 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Multi-touch authentication on tabletops. The introduction of tabletop interfaces has given rise to the need for the development of secure and usable authentication techniques that are appropriate for the co-located collaborative settings for which they have been designed. Most commonly, user authentication is based on something you know, but this is a particular problem for tabletop interfaces, as they are particularly vulnerable to shoulder surfing given their remit to foster co-located collaboration. In other words, tabletop users would typically authenticate in full view of a number of observers. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate a number of novel tabletop authentication schemes that exploit the features of multi-touch interaction in order to inhibit shoulder surfing. In our pilot work with users, and in our formal user-evaluation, one authentication scheme - Pressure-Grid - stood out, significantly enhancing shoulder surfing resistance when participants used it to enter both PINs and graphical passwords. Human Factors CHI Design touch collaboration tabletop Security multi-touch graphical passwords user authentication Pam Briggs 2010 multi-touch interaction David Kim Paul Dunphy Jonathan Hook John Nicholson James Nicholson Patrick Olivier Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom shoulder surfing CHI10-124 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems ColorPIN: securing PIN entry through indirect input. Automated teller machine (ATM) frauds are increasing drastically these days. When analyzing the most common attacks and the reasons for successful frauds, it becomes apparent that the main problem lies in the PIN based authentication which in itself does not provide any security features (besides the use of asterisks). That is, security is solely based on a user's behavior. Indirect input is one way to solve this problem. This mostly comes at the costs of adding overhead to the input process. We present ColorPIN, an authentication mechanism that uses indirect input to provide security enhanced PIN entry. At the same time, ColorPIN remains a one-to-one relationship between the length of the PIN and the required number of clicks. A user study showed that ColorPIN is significantly more secure than standard PIN entry while enabling good authentication speed in comparison with related systems. Human Factors CHI input user study Experimentation security Security security University of Munich, Munich, Germany Heinrich Hussmann authentication Alexander De Luca ATMs 2010 Katja Hertzschuch colorpin CHI10-125 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Shoulder-surfing resistance with eye-gaze entry in cued-recall graphical passwords. We present Cued Gaze-Points (CGP) as a shoulder-surfing resistant cued-recall graphical password scheme where users gaze instead of mouse-click. This approach has several advantages over similar eye-gaze systems, including a larger password space and its cued-recall nature that can help users remember multiple distinct passwords. Our 45-participant lab study is the first evaluation of gaze-based password entry via user-selected points on images. CGP's usability is potentially acceptable, warranting further refinement and study. Human Factors CHI Experimentation usability eye tracking gaze Security graphical passwords usable security Sonia Chiasson 2010 Alain Forget Robert Biddle Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada CHI10-126 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Visual vs. compact: a comparison of privacy policy interfaces. In this paper, we compare the impact of two different privacy policy representations -- AudienceView and Expandable Grids -- on users modifying privacy policies for a social network site. Despite the very different interfaces, there were very few differences in user performance. However, users had clear, and different, preferences and acknowledged the tradeoffs between the two representations. Our results imply that while either interface would be a usable option for policy settings, a combination may appeal to a wider audience and offer the best of both worlds. Human Factors CHI Design Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA privacy University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA social networks privacy Security Robert W. Reeder social network sites social network sites University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA 2010 Heather Richter Lipford Jason Watson Michael Whitney Katherine Froiland access control policy CHI10-127 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Pointassist for older adults: analyzing sub-movement characteristics to aid in pointing tasks. Perceptual, cognitive and motor deficits cause many older adults to have difficulty conducting pointing tasks on computers. Many strategies have been discussed in the HCI community to aid older adults and others in pointing tasks. We present a different approach in PointAssist, software that aids in pointing tasks by analyzing the characteristics of sub-movements, detecting when users have difficulty pointing, and triggering a precision mode that slows the speed of the cursor in those cases. PointAssist is designed to help maintain pointing skills, runs as a background process working with existing software, is not vulnerable to clusters of targets or targets in the way, and does not modify the visual appearance or the feel of user interfaces. There is evidence from a prior study that PointAssist helps young children conduct pointing tasks. In this paper, we present a study evaluating PointAssist with twenty older adults (ages 66-88). The study participants benefited from greater accuracy when using PointAssist, when compared to using the "enhance pointer precision" option in Windows XP. In addition, we provide evidence of correlations between neuropsychological measures, pointing performance, and PointAssist detecting pointing difficulty. Human Factors CHI children hci user interfaces pointing pointing community assistive technology accuracy Juan Pablo Hourcade 2010 older adults Christopher M. Nguyen Keith B. Perry Natalie L. Denburg University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA CHI10-128 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Steadied-bubbles: combining techniques to address pen-based pointing errors for younger and older adults. Tablet PCs are gaining popularity but many older adults still struggle with pointing, particularly with two error types: missing, landing and lifting outside the target bounds; and slipping, landing on the target, but slipping off before lifting. To solve these problems, we examined the feasibility of extending and combining existing techniques designed for younger users and the mouse, focusing our investigation on the Bubble cursor and Steady Clicks techniques. Through a laboratory experiment with younger and older adults, we showed that both techniques can be adapted for use in a pen interface, and that combining the two techniques provides greater support than either technique on its own. Though our results were especially pertinent to the older group, both ages benefited from the designs. We also found that technique performance depended on task context. From these findings we established guidelines for technique selection. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation selection tablets experiment pointing context pen error prevention University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Joanna McGrenere Karyn Moffatt pointing facilitation pen-based interaction 2010 older adults CHI10-129 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Learning to Text: An Interaction Analytic Study of How Seniors Learn to Enter Text on Mobile Phones. This paper is based on an interaction analysis of video recordings of seniors being instructed in the use of texting. Learning to text is a complex ordeal for the elderly, which not only involves grasping such complex phenomena as hierarchically organized menus and text prediction technology, but also more mundane and seemingly simple skills as pressing the keys. The latter is the primary focus of the analysis, as this is a common and taken for granted skill upon which many HCI systems rely. We show how the seniors struggle with learning to press in a sequence, embodying the timing and rhythm of key pressing, and orchestrating their vision and pressing. The study contributes to the general field of mobile phone design for the elderly, to our knowledge on how people appropriate and learn to use new technologies, as well as adds to models explaining novice users' mastering of text input. Human Factors CHI learning hci input mobile video cell phones text input video analysis mobile phones seniors mobile phones interaction analysis text input 2010 Alexandra Weilenmann University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden novice users texting CHI10-130 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Touch-display keyboards: transforming keyboards into interactive surfaces. In spite of many advances in GUI workstations, the keyboard has remained limited to text entry and basic command invocation. In this work, we introduce the Touch-Display Keyboard (TDK), a novel keyboard that combines the physical-ergonomic qualities of the conventional keyboard with dynamic display and touch-sensing embedded in each key. The TDK effectively transforms the keyboard into an interactive surface that is seamlessly integrated with the interaction space of GUIs, extending graphical output, mouse interaction and three-state input to the keyboard. This gives rise to an entirely new design space of interaction across keyboard, mouse and screen, for which we provide a first systematic analysis in this paper. We illustrate the emerging design opportunities with a host of novel interaction concepts and techniques, and show how these contribute to expressiveness of GUIs, exploration and learning of keyboard interfaces, and interface customization across graphics display and physical keyboard. Human Factors CHI Design learning input touch graphical user interfaces sensing interactive surface text entry Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom interactive surface customization Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom graphical user interfaces Nicolas Villar 2010 Florian Block Hans Gellersen i/o device interface customization touch-display keyboard CHI10-131 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems iCon: utilizing everyday objects as additional, auxiliary and instant tabletop controllers. This work describes a novel approach to utilizing everyday objects of users as additional, auxiliary, and instant tabletop controllers. Based on this approach, a prototype platform, called iCon, is developed to explore the possible design. Field studies and user studies reveal that utilizing everyday objects such as auxiliary input devices might be appropriate under a multi-task scenario. User studies further demonstrate that daily objects can generally be applied in low precision circumstances, low engagement with selected objects, and medium-to-high frequency of use. The proposed approach allows users to interact with computers while not altering their original work environments. Human Factors CHI Design input user study Experimentation input devices tangible user interface field study tabletop National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Roc Kai-Yin Cheng Bing-Yu Chen 2010 Rong-Hao Liang Rung-Huei Laing Sy-Yen Kuo National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan Roc everyday object tabletop controller CHI10-132 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Lumino: tangible blocks for tabletop computers based on glass fiber bundles. Tabletop computers based on diffuse illumination can track fiducial markers placed on the table's surface. In this paper, we demonstrate how to do the same with objects arranged in a three-dimensional structure without modifying the table. We present lumino, a system of building blocks. In addition to a marker, each block contains a glass fiber bundle. The bundle optically guides the light reflected off markers in the higher levels down to the table surface, where the table's built-in camera reads it. While guiding marker images down, the bundle optically scales and rearranges them. It thereby fits the images of an entire vertical arrangement of markers into the horizontal space usually occupied by a single 2D marker. We present six classes of blocks and matching marker designs, each of which is optimized for different requirements. We show three demo applications. One of them is a construction kit that logs and critiques constructions. The presented blocks are unpowered and maintenance-free, keeping larger numbers of blocks manageable. Human Factors CHI Design tangible tabletop tabletop Patrick Baudisch Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany tangible construction kits building blocks 2010 Torsten Becker Frederik Rudeck fiducial markers glass fiber bundles stacking CHI10-133 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Opinion space: a scalable tool for browsing online comments. Internet users are increasingly inclined to contribute comments to online news articles, videos, product reviews, and blogs. The most common interface for comments is a list, sorted by time of entry or by binary ratings. It is widely recognized that such lists do not scale well and can lead to "cyberpolarization," which serves to reinforce extreme opinions. We present Opinion Space: a new online interface incorporating ideas from deliberative polling, dimensionality reduction, and collaborative filtering that allows participants to visualize and navigate through a diversity of comments. This self-organizing system automatically highlights the comments found most insightful by users from a range of perspectives. We report results of a controlled user study. When Opinion Space was compared with a chronological List interface, participants read a similar diversity of comments. However, they were significantly more engaged with the system, and they had significantly higher agreement with and respect for the comments they read. CHI Design user study Experimentation browsing Algorithms University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA blogs collaborative filtering collaborative filtering Kimiko Ryokai 2010 Siamak Faridani Ephrat Bitton Ken Goldberg comment browsing deliberative polling dimensionality reduction opinion mining opinion visualization perceptual maps very large scale conversations CHI10-134 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Short and tweet: experiments on recommending content from information streams. More and more web users keep up with newest information through information streams such as the popular micro-blogging website Twitter. In this paper we studied content recommendation on Twitter to better direct user attention. In a modular approach, we explored three separate dimensions in designing such a recommender: content sources, topic interest models for users, and social voting. We implemented 12 recommendation engines in the design space we formulated, and deployed them to a recommender service on the web to gather feedback from real Twitter users. The best performing algorithm improved the percentage of interesting content to 72% from a baseline of 33%. We conclude this work by discussing the implications of our recommender design and how our design can generalize to other information streams. CHI Experimentation social filtering Algorithms MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA attention Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Les Nelson feedback University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Ed H. Chi Michael Bernstein recommender systems recommender systems Rowan Nairn Jilin Chen 2010 information stream topic modeling CHI10-135 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Characterizing debate performance via aggregated twitter sentiment. Television broadcasters are beginning to combine social micro-blogging systems such as Twitter with television to create social video experiences around events. We looked at one such event, the first U.S. presidential debate in 2008, in conjunction with aggregated ratings of message sentiment from Twitter. We begin to develop an analytical methodology and visual representations that could help a journalist or public affairs person better understand the temporal dynamics of sentiment in reaction to the debate video. We demonstrate visuals and metrics that can be used to detect sentiment pulse, anomalies in that pulse, and indications of controversial topics that can be used to inform the design of visual analytic systems for social media events. Human Factors CHI Design methodology video annotation Yahoo! Research, Santa Clara, CA, USA tv Nicholas A. Diakopoulos video social media affect 2010 Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA David A. Shamma debate journalism sentiment CHI10-136 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Dandelion: supporting coordinated, collaborative authoring in Wikis. Dandelion is a tool that extends wikis to support coordinated, collaborative authoring using a tag-based approach. Specifically, users can insert tags in a wiki page to specify various co-authoring tasks. These tags can then be executed to help drive and manage the collaboration workflow, and provide content-centric collaboration awareness for all the co-authors. Four successful pilot deployments and positive user feedback show the practical value of Dandelion, especially its value in supporting a structured, collaborative authoring process often seen in business settings. Human Factors CHI awareness collaboration awareness feedback IBM Research - China, Beijing, China wiki coordination collaborative authoring 2010 Michelle X. Zhou Changyan Chi Min Yang Wenpeng Xiao Yiqin Yu Xiaohua Sun CHI10-137 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Constructing identities through storytelling in diabetes management. The continuing epidemics of diabetes and obesity create much need for information technologies that can help individuals engage in proactive health management. Yet many of these technologies focus on such pragmatic issues as collecting and presenting health information and modifying individuals' behavior. At the same time, researchers in clinical community argue that individuals' perception of their identity has dramatic consequences for their health behaviors. In this paper we discuss results of a deployment study of a mobile health monitoring application. We show how individuals with considerable diabetes experience found a unique way to adopt this health-monitoring application to construct and negotiate their identities as persons with a chronic disease. We argue that viewing health management from identity construction perspective opens new opportunities for research and design in technologies for health. CHI Design learning ubiquitous computing Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA identity mobile Elizabeth D. Mynatt storytelling community health University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada reflection diabetes Lena Mamykina Daniel Greenblatt chronic disease management Andrew D. Miller 2010 SMART Technologies, Calgary, Canada CHI10-138 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Self-monitoring, self-awareness, and self-determination in cardiac rehabilitation. The application of self-monitoring technologies to the problem of promoting health-related behavioural change has been an active area of research for many years. This paper reports on our investigations into health-related behavioural change within the context of a cardiac rehabilitation programme, and considers the role that self-monitoring currently plays and may play in the future. We carried out semi-structured interviews with nineteen cardiac rehabilitation participants. Our main findings relate to distinctions between implicit and conscious change, tensions between cardiac rehabilitation and everyday life, the importance of self-awareness and self-determination, and an overall reluctance towards unnecessary self-monitoring. In view of these findings, we then offer suggestions as to how self-monitoring technologies can be designed to suit this particular context of use. Human Factors CHI context awareness interviews University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom physical activity health Matthew Chalmers 2010 Julie Maitland National Research Council Canada Institute for Information Technology, Fredericton, NB, Canada cardiac rehabilitation dietary intake health-related behavioural change self-monitoring CHI10-139 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Negotiating boundaries: managing disease at home. To move treatment successfully from the hospital to that of technology assisted self-care at home, it is vital in the design of such technologies to understand the setting in which the health IT should be used. Based on qualitative studies we find that people engage in elaborate boundary work to maintain the order of the home when managing disease and adopting new healthcare technology. In our analysis we relate this boundary work to two continuums of visibility-invisibility and integration-segmentation in disease management. We explore five factors that affect the boundary work: objects, activities, places, character of disease, and collaboration. Furthermore, the processes are explored of how boundary objects move between social worlds pushing and shaping boundaries. From this we discuss design implications for future healthcare technologies for the home. Human Factors CHI Design affect collaboration home home health care health qualitative studies University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Stinne Aaløkke Ballegaard healthcare technology 2010 Rikke Aarhus boundary object boundary work compliance disease management self-care CHI10-140 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Momentum: getting and staying on topic during a brainstorm. Despite the prevalent use of group brainstorming for problem solving and decision-making within organizations, brainstorming sessions often lack focus and fail to produce quality ideas. We describe Momentum, a tool that elicits topic-oriented responses prior to a group brainstorm. In an exploratory study, we found qualitative differences in task focus, quality and rate of ideation, and efficiency of storytelling between users and non-users of the tool. CHI Design Experimentation storytelling Darren Gergle Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Patti Bao group creativity Elizabeth Gerber brainstorming creativity support tools 2010 David Hoffman CHI10-141 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Layered elaboration: a new technique for co-design with children. As technology for children becomes more mobile, social, and distributed, our design methods and techniques must evolve to better explore these new directions. This paper reports on "Layered Elaboration," a co-design technique created to support these evolving needs. .Layered Elaboration allows design teams to generate ideas through an iterative process in which each version leaves prior ideas intact while extending concepts. Layered Elaboration is a useful technique as it enables co-design to take place asynchronously and does not require much space or many resources. Our intergenerational team, including adults and children ages 7 -- 11 years old, used the technique to design both a game about history and a prototype of an instructional game about energy conservation. CHI Design children Allison Druin children cooperative inquiry mobile history University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA design methods 2010 Evan Golub Greg Walsh Elizabeth M. Bonsignore Elizabeth Foss Leshell Hatley Mona Leigh Guha Sonia Franckel co-design layered elaboration low-tech prototyping storyboarding CHI10-142 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Don't just stare at me! Communication is more effective and persuasive when participants establish rapport. Tickle-Degnen and Rosenthal [57] argue rapport arises when participants exhibit mutual attentiveness, positivity and coordination. In this paper, we investigate how these factors relate to perceptions of rapport when users interact via avatars in virtual worlds. In this study, participants told a story to what they believed was the avatar of another participant. In fact, the avatar was a computer program that systematically manipulated levels of attentiveness, positivity and coordination. In contrast to Tickel-Degnen and Rosenthal's findings, high-levels of mutual attentiveness alone can dramatically lower perceptions of rapport in avatar communication. Indeed, an agent that attempted to maximize mutual attention performed as poorly as an agent that was designed to convey boredom. Adding positivity and coordination to mutual attentiveness, on the other hand, greatly improved rapport. This work unveils the dependencies between components of rapport and informs the design of agents and avatars in computer mediated communication. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation communication agents virtual worlds attention mediated communication gaze computer-mediated communication coordination avatars 2010 Ning Wang Jonathan Gratch University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA rapport virtual agent CHI10-143 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Video playdate: toward free play across distance. We present an empirical investigation of video-mediated free play between 13 pairs of friends (ages 7 and 8). The pairs spent 10 minutes playing with each of four different prototypes we developed to support free play over videoconferencing. We coded each interaction for the types of play and the amount of social play observed. The children in our study were largely successful in playing together across videoconferencing, though challenges in managing visibility, attention, and intersubjectivity made it more difficult than face-to-face play. We also found that our prototypes supported some types of play to varying degrees. Our contribution lies in identifying these design tradeoffs and providing directions for future design of video-mediated communication systems for children. Human Factors CHI children children Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA communication Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA attention video mediated communication CMC Kori M. Inkpen A.J. Bernheim Brush video conferencing video conferencing video-mediated communication 2010 Svetlana Yarosh free play CHI10-144 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Where should i turn: moving from individual to collaborative navigation strategies to inform the interaction design of future navigation systems. The design of in-vehicle navigation systems fails to take into account the social nature of driving and automobile navigation. In this paper, we consider navigation as a social activity among drivers and navigators to improve design of such systems. We explore the implications of moving from a map-centered, individually-focused design paradigm to one based upon collaborative human interaction during the navigation task. We conducted a qualitative interaction design study of navigation among three types of teams: parents and their teenage children, couples, and unacquainted individuals. We found that collaboration varied among these different teams, and was influenced by social role, as well as the task role of driver or navigator. We also found that patterns of prompts, maneuvers, and confirmations varied among the three teams. We identify overarching practices that differ greatly from the literature on individual navigation. From these discoveries, we present design implications that can be used to inform future navigation systems. Human Factors CHI Design children Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA interaction design navigation collaboration interaction design GPS driving Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Jodi Forlizzi 2010 William C. Barley Thomas Seder General Motors Corporation, Warren, MI, USA in-car navigation CHI10-145 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Studying driver attention and behaviour for three configurations of GPS navigation in real traffic driving. Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation systems were amongst the top selling consumer technologies in 2008 and research has indicated that such technologies could affect driving behaviour. In this paper, we study how different output configurations (audio, visual and audio-visual) of a GPS system affect driving behaviour and performance. We conducted field experiments in real traffic with 30 subjects. Our results illustrated that visual output not only causes a substantial amount of eye glances, but also led to a decrease in driving performance. Adding audio output decreased the number of eye glances, but we found no significant effects on driving performance. Although the audio configuration implied much fewer eye glances and improved driving performance, several participants expressed preference for the audio/visual output. Human Factors CHI affect audio navigation attention gps GPS field experiment driving Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark driving Mikael B. Skov eye glances in-vehicle systems output modalities 2010 Brit Susan Jensen Nissanthen Thiruravichandran navigation guide CHI10-146 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Cars, calls, and cognition: investigating driving and divided attention. Conversing on cell phones while driving an automobile is a common practice. We examine the interference of the cognitive load of conversational dialog with driving tasks, with the goal of identifying better and worse times for conversations during driving. We present results from a controlled study involving 18 users using a driving simulator. The driving complexity and conversation type were manipulated in the study, and performance was measured for factors related to both the primary driving task and secondary conversation task. Results showed significant interactions between the primary and secondary tasks, where certain combinations of complexity and conversations were found especially detrimental to driving. We present the studies and analyses and relate the findings to prior work on multiple resource models of cognition. We discuss how the results can frame thinking about policies and technologies aimed at enhancing driving safety. Human Factors CHI Experimentation Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA conversation attention attention Eric Horvitz cell phones cell phones Measurement safety driving driving Shamsi T. Iqbal 2010 Yun-Cheng Ju dual task performance CHI10-147 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Homeless young people's experiences with information systems: life and work in a community technology center. This paper explores how homeless young people, aged 13-25, make use of information systems in daily life. Observed in a community technology center, four different examples of uses are described: i) Using digital tools to find employment, ii) Telling stories with representations of the built world, iii) Portraying life on the street with video, and iv) Constructing online identities. From these examples and a discussion of this community, a framework of ecological considerations is proposed. This framework distinguishes between elements of 'life' on the street (Self-Reliance, Vulnerability, and Basic Needs) and 'work' in the community technology center (Conformity, Youth-Adult Relationships, and Goals). Any information system for homeless young people must engage the tensions and opportunities that arise from these two different perspectives of homelessness. CHI Design video community University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA identity 2010 Jill Palzkill Woelfer David G. Hendry digital media homelessness youth CHI10-148 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Feminist HCI: taking stock and outlining an agenda for design. Feminism is a natural ally to interaction design, due to its central commitments to issues such as agency, fulfillment, identity, equity, empowerment, and social justice. In this paper, I summarize the state of the art of feminism in HCI and propose ways to build on existing successes to more robustly integrate feminism into interaction design research and practice. I explore the productive role of feminism in analogous fields, such as industrial design, architecture, and game design. I introduce examples of feminist interaction design already in the field. Finally, I propose a set of femi-nist interaction design qualities intended to support design and evaluation processes directly as they unfold. CHI Theory hci interaction design identity design interaction design HCI gender 2010 Shaowen Bardzell School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University , Bloomington, USA feminism feminist HCI feminist design qualities feminist standpoint theory CHI10-149 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Postcolonial computing: a lens on design and development. As our technologies travel to new cultural contexts and our designs and methods engage new constituencies, both our design and analytical practices face significant challenges. We offer postcolonial computing as an analytical orientation to better understand these challenges. This analytic orientation inspires four key shifts in our approach to HCI4D efforts: generative models of culture, development as a historical program, uneven economic relations, and cultural epistemologies. Then, through reconsideration of the practices of engagement, articulation and translation in other contexts, we offer designers and researchers ways of understanding use and design practice to respond to global connectivity and movement. Human Factors CHI culture Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Paul Dourish Economics ICT4D Rebecca E. Grinter University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA culture design methods Legal Aspects Janet Vertesi 2010 Lilly Irani Kavita Philip postcolonial theory sts CHI10-150 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Integrating Text with Video and 3D Graphics: The Effects of Text Drawing Styles on Text Readability. There have been many studies of computer based text reading. However, only a few have considered text integrated with video and 3D graphics. This paper presents an investigation into the effects of varying (a) text drawing style (plain, billboard, Anti-Interference, shadow), (b) image polarity (positive and negative), and (c) background style (video and 3D) on text readability. Reading speed and accuracy were measured and subjective views of participants recorded. Results showed that: (a) there was little difference in reading performance for the video and 3D backgrounds; (b) the negative presentation outperformed the positive presentation; (c) the billboard drawing styles supported the best performance; subjective comments showed a preference for the billboard style. We therefore suggest, for reading tasks, that designers of interfaces for games, video, and augmented reality provide billboard style to maximize readability for the widest range of applications. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation games augmented reality video 3d aesthetics augmented reality readability 2010 Jacek Jankowski Krystian Samp Izabela Irzynska Marek Jozwowicz Stefan Decker Digital Enterprise Research Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland 3d graphics image polarity legibility text drawing styles CHI10-151 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Apatite: a new interface for exploring APIs. We present Apatite, a new tool that aids users in learning and understanding a complex API by visualizing the common associations between its various components. Current object-oriented API documentation is usually navigated in a fixed tree structure, starting with a package and then filtering by a specific class. For large APIs, this scheme is overly restrictive, because it prevents users from locating a particular action without first knowing which class it belongs to. Apatite's design instead enables users to search across any level of an API's hierarchy. This is made possible by the introduction of a novel interaction technique that presents popular items from multiple categories simultaneously, determining their relevance by approximating the strength of their association using search engine data. The design of Apatite was refined through iterative usability testing, and it has been released publicly as a web application. Human Factors CHI learning Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Brad A. Myers usability usability testing visualization search browsing Documentation interaction techniques web applications 2010 Daniel S. Eisenberg Jeffrey Stylos api documentation search tools CHI10-152 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Push-and-pull switching: window switching based on window overlapping. We propose Push-and-Pull Switching, a window switching technique using window overlapping to implicitly define groups. Push-and-Pull Switching enables switching between groups and restacking the focused window to any position to change its group membership. The technique was evaluated in an experiment which found that Push-and-Pull Switching improves switching performance by more than 50% compared to other switching techniques in different scenarios. A longitudinal user study indicates that participants invoked this switching technique 15% of the time on single monitor displays and that they found it easy to understand and use. CHI Design user study Performance experiment Géry Casiez window switching window management 2010 Quan Xu LIFL & INRIA Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France overlapping CHI10-153 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Animated UI transitions and perception of time: a user study on animated effects on a mobile screen. The capability to present advanced graphics in the present mobile devices can be utilized to improve their usability and overall user experience. Mobile devices have limitations compared to PCs due to their inferior computing power and small screens, but a successful design of animated transitions can hide processing delays and make the user experience smoother. In this paper, we describe the design of animated transitions and present a user study on how they are perceived. The results show that in the transition between two images, bringing up the next image earlier dominates the perception of a fast transition over other variables examined in the study. Human Factors CHI user study usability mobile UI design user study Nokia Research Center, Finland mobile devices user experience Jonna Häkkilä 2010 Ari-Heikki Sarjanoja Jussi Huhtala Jani Mäntyjärvi Minna Isomursu VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Oulu, Finland ui animations ui transitions CHI10-154 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Interactive optimization for steering machine classification. Interest has been growing within HCI on the use of machine learning and reasoning in applications to classify such hidden states as user intentions, based on observations. HCI researchers with these interests typically have little expertise in machine learning and often employ toolkits as relatively fixed "black boxes" for generating statistical classifiers. However, attempts to tailor the performance of classifiers to specific application requirements may require a more sophisticated understanding and custom-tailoring of methods. We present ManiMatrix, a system that provides controls and visualizations that enable system builders to refine the behavior of classification systems in an intuitive manner. With ManiMatrix, users directly refine parameters of a confusion matrix via an interactive cycle of re-classification and visualization. We present the core methods and evaluate the effectiveness of the approach in a user study. Results show that users are able to quickly and effectively modify decision boundaries of classifiers to tai-lor the behavior of classifiers to problems at hand. Human Factors CHI learning hci user study Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Algorithms visualization visualization toolkits Eric Horvitz decision-theory machine learning Desney S. Tan Bongshin Lee classification Ashish Kapoor interactive machine learning interactive optimization 2010 CHI10-155 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A longitudinal study of how highlighting web content change affects people's web interactions. The Web is constantly changing, but most tools used to access Web content deal only with what can be captured at a single instance in time. As a result, Web users may not have a good understanding of the changes that occur. In this paper we show that making Web content change explicitly visible allows people to interact with the Web in new ways. We present a longitudinal study in which 30 people used a Web browser plug-in that caches visited pages and highlights text changes to those pages when revisited. We used a survey to capture their understanding of Web page change and their own revisitation patterns at the beginning of use and after one month. For a majority of the participants, we also logged their Web page visits and associated content change. Exposing change is more valuable to our participants than initially expected, making them aware of how dynamic content they visit is and changing their interactions with it. Human Factors CHI Design Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Susan Dumais Measurement survey Jaime Teevan revisitation revisitation re-finding web browser longitudinal study 2010 Daniel J. Liebling web dynamics CHI10-156 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Examining multiple potential models in end-user interactive concept learning. End-user interactive concept learning is a technique for interacting with large unstructured datasets, requiring insights from both human-computer interaction and machine learning. This note re-examines an assumption implicit in prior interactive machine learning research, that interaction should focus on the question "what class is this object?". We broaden interaction to include examination of multiple potential models while training a machine learning system. We evaluate this approach and find that people naturally adopt revision in the interactive machine learning process and that this improves the quality of their resulting models for difficult concepts. Human Factors CHI Design learning Performance Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA human-computer interaction machine learning University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA James Fogarty Saleema Amershi Desney S. Tan Ashish Kapoor 2010 end-user interactive concept learning CHI10-157 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Signed networks in social media. Relations between users on social media sites often reflect a mixture of positive (friendly) and negative (antagonistic) interactions. In contrast to the bulk of research on social networks that has focused almost exclusively on positive interpretations of links between people, we study how the interplay between positive and negative relationships affects the structure of on-line social networks. We connect our analyses to theories of signed networks from social psychology. We find that the classical theory of structural balance tends to capture certain common patterns of interaction, but that it is also at odds with some of the fundamental phenomena we observe --- particularly related to the evolving, directed nature of these on-line networks. We then develop an alternate theory of status that better explains the observed edge signs and provides insights into the underlying social mechanisms. Our work provides one of the first large-scale evaluations of theories of signed networks using on-line datasets, as well as providing a perspective for reasoning about social media sites. Human Factors CHI Design theory Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Measurement social networks Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA social media 2010 Jure Leskovec Daniel Huttenlocher Jon Kleinberg positive and negative edges signed networks status theory structural balance trust and distrust CHI10-158 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Why it's quick to be square: modelling new and existing hierarchical menu designs. We consider different hierarchical menu and toolbar-like interface designs from a theoretical perspective and show how a model based on visual search time, pointing time, decision time and expertise development can assist in understanding and predicting interaction performance. Three hierarchical menus designs are modelled -- a traditional pull-down menu, a pie menu and a novel Square Menu with its items arranged in a grid -- and the predictions are validated in an empirical study. The model correctly predicts the relative performance of the designs -- both the eventual dominance of Square Menus compared to traditional and pie designs and a performance crossover as users gain experience. Our work shows the value of modelling in HCI design, provides new insights about performance with different hierarchical menu designs, and demonstrates a new high-performance menu type. Human Factors CHI hci empirical study search pointing menus visual search University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Pourang Irani University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MAN, Canada Andy Cockburn University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Carl Gutwin hierarchical menus David Ahlström Klagenfurt University, Klagenfurt, Austria 2010 performance models CHI10-159 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems pCubee: a perspective-corrected handheld cubic display. In this paper, we describe the design of a personal cubic display that offers novel interaction techniques for static and dynamic 3D content. We extended one-screen Fish Tank VR by arranging five small LCD panels into a box shape that is light and compact enough to be handheld. The display uses head-coupled perspective rendering and a real-time physics simulation engine to establish an interaction metaphor of having real objects inside a physical box that a user can hold and manipulate. We evaluated our prototype as a visualization tool and as an input device by comparing it with a conventional LCD display and mouse for a 3D tree-tracing task. We found that bimanual interaction with pCubee and a mouse offered the best performance and was most preferred by users. pCubee has potential in 3D visualization and interactive applications such as games, storytelling and education, as well as viewing 3D maps, medical and architectural data. Human Factors CHI Design input visualization input devices interaction techniques games storytelling 3d user interfaces University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada education handheld user evaluation multi-screen displays physical interaction 3D visualization Sidney Fels handheld devices 2010 Ian Stavness Billy Lam fish tank vr CHI10-160 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Bias towards regular configuration in 2D pointing. Extending Fitts' law to more than one dimension has been recognized as having important implications for HCI. In spite of the progress made over the years, however, it is still far from a resolved issue. Our work approaches this problem from the viewpoint of a configuration space, which has served as a useful conceptual framework for understanding human preference in perception. Notably, human are found to be biased towards regular configurations. In this work, we extended the configuration space framework to the domain of motor behavior, analyzed 2D pointing, and developed five models to account for the performance. An extensive experiment was conducted to measure the fit of the derived models and that of three previous models. Consistent with our hypothesis, the model reflecting a bias towards regular configuration was found to have the most satisfactory fit with the data. The paper concludes with discussions on improving understanding of Fitts' law and the implications for HCI. Human Factors CHI Theory hci Experimentation Fitts' law IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA experiment pointing fitts' law 2010 Huahai Yang Xianggang Xu Civil Aviation Medical Center, Beijing, China 2d pointing configuration space CHI10-161 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Digital drumming: a study of co-located, highly coordinated, dyadic collaboration. Collaborative drumming is a creative human activity that requires a high degree of coordination among the participants. In this study, inexperienced drummer and experienced drummer participants were paired with a computer or experienced human drummer counterpart and given the task of producing musical rhythms on the fly. We found differing patterns of music production across the computer and human conditions. Participants intentionally and unintentionally assumed leadership roles depending on the dyad dynamic. Also noted were differences in the needs of inexperienced and experienced participants for visual and verbal cues for coordination. In our study, participants did not treat computers as other humans, but seemed to engage a more complex evaluation of the situation. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on how people respond to and interact with technology to accomplish complex, collaborative tasks. CHI Experimentation Performance Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA collaboration coordination turn-taking music collaboration coordination Steve Harrison 2010 Bobby Beaton Deborah Tatar computer agent drumming CHI10-162 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems G-nome surfer: a tabletop interface for collaborative exploration of genomic data. Molecular and computational biologists develop new insights by gathering heterogeneous data from genomic databases and leveraging bioinformatics tools. Through a qualitative study with 17 participants, we found that molecular and computational biologists experience difficulties interpreting, comparing, annotating, sharing, and relating this vast amount of biological information. We further observed that such interactions are critical for forming new scientific hypotheses. These observations motivated the creation of G-nome Surfer, a tabletop interface for collaborative exploration of genomic data that implements multi-touch and tangible interaction techniques. G-nome Surfer was developed in close collaboration with domain scientists and is aimed at lowering the threshold for using bioinformatics tools. A first-use study with 16 participants found that G-nome Surfer enables users to gain biological insights that are based on multiple forms of evidence with minimal overhead. Human Factors CHI Design Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA tangible sharing touch interaction techniques Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA collaboration tabletop qualitative studies multi-touch tabletop interaction Orit Shaer reality-based interaction 2010 Guy Kol Megan Strait Chloe Fan Catherine Grevet Sarah Elfenbein Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA Babson College, Babson Park, MA, USA bioinformatics genome browser CHI10-163 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems America is like Metamucil: fostering critical and creative thinking about metaphor in political blogs. Blogs are becoming an increasingly important medium -- socially, academically, and politically. Much research has involved analyzing blogs, but less work has considered how such analytic techniques might be incorporated into tools for blog readers. A new tool, metaViz, analyzes political blogs for potential conceptual metaphors and presents them to blog readers. This paper presents a study exploring the types of critical and creative thinking fostered by metaViz as evidenced by user comments and discussion on the system. These results indicate the effectiveness of various system features at fostering critical thinking and creativity, specifically in terms of deep, structural reasoning about metaphors and creatively extending existing metaphors. Furthermore, the results carry broader implications beyond blogs and politics about exploring alternate configurations between computation and human thought. Human Factors CHI creativity blog readers blogs creativity University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Bill Tomlinson Eric P.S. Baumer metaphor 2010 Jordan Sinclair computational metaphor identification critical thinking political blogs CHI10-164 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Understanding dispute resolution online: using text to reflect personal and substantive issues in conflict. Conflict is a natural part of human communication with implications for the work and well-being of a community. It can cause projects to stall or fail. Alternatively new insights can be produced that are valuable to the community, and membership can be strengthened. We describe how Wikipedia mediators create and maintain a 'safe space'. They help conflicting parties to express, recognize and respond positively to their personal and substantive differences. We show how the 'mutability' of wiki text can be used productively by mediators: to legitimize and restructure the personal and substantive issues under dispute; to actively and visibly differentiate personal from substantive elements in the dispute, and to maintain asynchronous engagement by adjusting expectations of timeliness. We argue that online conflicts could be effectively conciliated in other text-based web communities, provided power differences can be controlled, by policies and technical measures for maintaining special 'safe' conflict resolution spaces. Human Factors CHI Theory Management communication computer-mediated communication community wikipedia wiki University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom Wikipedia conflict virtual communities 2010 Matt Billings Leon A. Watts online dispute resolution CHI10-165 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Presenting diverse political opinions: how and how much. Is a polarized society inevitable, where people choose to be exposed to only political news and commentary that reinforces their existing viewpoints? We examine the relationship between the numbers of supporting and challenging items in a collection of political opinion items and readers' satisfaction, and then evaluate whether simple presentation techniques such as highlighting agreeable items or showing them first can increase satisfaction when fewer agreeable items are present. We find individual differences: some people are diversity-seeking while others are challenge-averse. For challenge-averse readers, highlighting appears to make satisfaction with sets of mostly agreeable items more extreme, but does not increase satisfaction overall, and sorting agreeable content first appears to decrease satisfaction rather than increasing it. These findings have important implications for builders of websites that aggregate content reflecting different positions. CHI Design Experimentation University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA design news Paul Resnick preferences 2010 diversity Sean A. Munson news aggregators opinion politics presentation selective exposure CHI10-166 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Propitious aggregation: reducing participant burden in ego-centric network data collection. One of the central challenges of ego-centric or personal social network research is minimizing the quantity of data that is requested from research participants while ensuring high data accuracy and validity. In general, collecting data about increasingly larger ego-centric networks places an increasing burden on respondents. The web-based Propitious Aggregation of Social Networks (PASN, http://pro.pitio.us) survey instrument reduces this burden by leveraging network data already available in the context of social network websites, and by providing an intuitive click-and-drag interface for survey responses. An experiment was conducted (N = 85), and the PASN method was found to produce networks which were significantly larger and more diverse than those produced using standard survey methods, yet required significantly lower time investments from participants. CHI Design Experimentation experiment context user interfaces social networks survey social network sites social networks methods 2010 Derek Lackaff University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA computer-assisted self interviews CHI10-167 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Trying too hard: effects of mobile agents' (Inappropriate) social expressiveness on trust, affect and compliance. Mobile services can provide users with information relevant to their current circumstances. Distant services in turn can acquire local information from people in an area of interest. Socially expressive agent behaviour has been suggested as a way to build reciprocal relationships and to increase user response to such requests. This between-subject, Wizard-of-Oz experiment aimed to investigate the potential of such behaviours. 44 participants performed a search task in an urgent context while being interrupted by a mobile agent that both provided and requested information. The socially expressive behaviour shown in this study did not increase compliance to requests; it instead reduced trust in provided information and compliance to warnings. It also negatively impacted the affective experience of users scoring lower on empathy as a personality trait. Inappropriate social expressiveness can have serious consequences; we here elaborate on the reasons for our negative results. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation affect agents search experiment context mobile trust trust Vanessa Evers University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands autonomy Henriette Cramer Bob Wielinga empathy mobile interaction wizard-of-oz 2010 Tim van Slooten Mattijs Ghijsen University of Amsterdam, Mobile Life Centre, SICS, Kista, Sweden social expressiveness CHI10-168 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A simple index for multimodal flexibility. Most interactive tasks engage more than one of the user's exteroceptive senses and are therefore multimodal. In real world situations with multitasking and distractions, the key aspect of multimodality is not which modalities can be allocated to the interactive task but which are free to be allocated to something else. We present the multi¬modal flexibility index (MFI), calculated from changes in users' performance induced by blocking of sensory modalities. A high score indicates that the highest level of performance is achievable regardless of the modalities available and, conversely, a low score that performance will be severely hampered unless all modalities are allocated to the task. Various derivatives describe unimodal and bimodal effects. Results from a case study (mobile text entry) illustrate how an interface that is superior to others in absolute terms is the worst from the multimodal flexibility perspective. We discuss the suitability of MFI for evaluation of interactive prototypes. Human Factors CHI Design multimodal multimodal interaction mobile attention text entry Antti Oulasvirta multitasking multitasking 2010 Joanna Bergstrom-Lehtovirta Aalto University and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland mobile human-computer interaction modality allocation CHI10-169 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Social gravity: a virtual elastic tether for casual, privacy-preserving pedestrian rendezvous. We describe a virtual "tether" for mobile devices that allows groups to have quick, simple and privacy-preserving meetups. Our design provides cues which allow dynamic coordination of rendezvous without revealing users' positions. Using accelerometers and magnetometers, combined with GPS positioning and non-visual feedback, users can probe and sense a dynamic virtual object representing the nearest meeting point. The Social Gravity system makes social bonds tangible in a virtual world which is geographically grounded, using haptic feedback to help users rendezvous. We show dynamic navigation using this physical model-based system to be efficient and robust in significant field trials, even in the presence of low-quality positioning. The use of simulators to build models of mobile geolocated systems for pre-validation purposes is discussed, and results compared with those from our trials. Our results show interesting behaviours in the social coordination task, which lead to guidelines for geosocial interaction design. The Social Gravity system proved to be very successful in allowing groups to rendezvous efficiently and simply and can be implemented using only commercially available hardware. Human Factors CHI tangible navigation navigation presence mobile feedback privacy haptic interaction design coordination mobile Stephen Brewster University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom mobile devices gps GPS field trial Matt Jones Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom John Williamson Roderick Murray-Smith vibrotactile 2010 Craig Stewart Simon Robinson geosocial interaction CHI10-170 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Temporal hybridity: footage with instant replay in real time. In this paper we explore the production of streaming media that involves live and recorded content. To examine this, we report on how the production practices and process are conducted through an empirical study of the production of live television, involving the use of live and non-live media under highly time critical conditions. In explaining how this process is managed both as an individual and collective activity, we develop the concept of temporal hybridity to explain the properties of these kinds of production system and show how temporally separated media are used, understood and coordinated. Our analysis is examined in the light of recent developments in computing technology and we present some design implications to support amateur video production. Human Factors CHI empirical study editing video Mark Perry Oskar Juhlin Arvid Engström collaborative search social interaction video Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden Brunel University, London, United Kingdom television 2010 Mathias Broth Mobile Life, Interactive Institute, Stockholm, Sweden control room media production streaming CHI10-171 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Experience, adjustment, and engagement: the role of video in law enforcement. Questions about the effectiveness of increasingly ubiquitous video technology in law enforcement have prompted an examination of the practices surrounding this technology. We present the results of a multi-site study aimed at understanding the use of video in several phases of law enforcement, from crime prevention and response to investigation and prosecution. Our findings show that while video has provided numerous benefits to law enforcement agencies, in many cases the technology either fails to support key facets of work or introduces new tasks that present an additional burden to workers. We discuss the need to incorporate human experience and tacit knowledge, operator engagement, and the greater ecosystem of work into video deployments. Human Factors CHI Design contextual inquiry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA ubiquitous computing video University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Elaine M. Huang Joe Tullio qualitative studies surveillance 2010 David Wheatley Harry Zhang Claudia Guerrero Amruta Tamdoo Motorola, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA law enforcement video technologies CHI10-172 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems ToolClips: an investigation of contextual video assistance for functionality understanding. We investigate the use of on-line contextual video assistance to improve the learnability of software functionality. After discussing motivations and design goals for such forms of assistance, we present our new technique, ToolClips. ToolClips augment traditional tooltips to provide users with quick and contextual access to both textual and video assistance. In an initial study we found that users successfully integrated ToolClip usage into the flow of their primary tasks to overcome learnability difficulties. In a second study, we found that with ToolClips, users successfully completed 7 times as many unfamiliar tasks, in comparison to using a commercial professionally developed on-line help system. Users also retained the information obtained from ToolClips, performing tasks significantly faster one week later. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation Documentation video motivation George Fitzmaurice learnability Tovi Grossman Autodesk Research, Toronto, ON, Canada help 2010 balloon help toolclips tooltips understanding video tool tips CHI10-173 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Prefab: implementing advanced behaviors using pixel-based reverse engineering of interface structure. Current chasms between applications implemented with different user interface toolkits make it difficult to implement and explore potentially important interaction techniques in new and existing applications, limiting the progress and impact of human-computer interaction research. We examine an approach based in the single most common characteristic of all graphical user interface toolkits, that they ultimately paint pixels to a display. We present Prefab, a system for implementing advanced behaviors through the reverse engineering of the pixels in graphical interfaces. Informed by how user interface toolkits paint interfaces, Prefab features a separation of the modeling of widget layout from the recognition of widget appearance. We validate Prefab in implementations of three applications: target-aware pointing techniques, Phosphor transitions, and Side Views parameter spectrums. Working only from pixels, we demonstrate a single implementation of these enhancements in complex existing applications created in different user interface toolkits running on different windowing systems. Human Factors CHI user interfaces pointing interaction techniques graphical user interfaces toolkits human-computer interaction University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Morgan Dixon James Fogarty user interface toolkits 2010 pixel-based reverse engineering prefab CHI10-174 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems GUI testing using computer vision. Testing a GUI's visual behavior typically requires human testers to interact with the GUI and to observe whether the expected results of interaction are presented. This paper presents a new approach to GUI testing using computer vision for testers to automate their tasks. Testers can write a visual test script that uses images to specify which GUI components to interact with and what visual feedback to be observed. Testers can also generate visual test scripts by demonstration. By recording both input events and screen images, it is possible to extract the images of components interacted with and the visual feedback seen by the demonstrator, and generate a visual test script automatically. We show that a variety of GUI behavior can be tested using this approach. Also, we show how this approach can facilitate good testing practices such as unit testing, regression testing, and test-driven development. CHI Design Reliability input Algorithms MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA graphical user interfaces feedback University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA computer vision Robert C. Miller 2010 Tsung-Hsiang Chang Tom Yeh gui automation gui testing test by demonstration CHI10-175 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Faster progress bars: manipulating perceived duration with visual augmentations. Human perception of time is fluid, and can be manipulated in purposeful and productive ways. In this note, we propose and evaluate variations on two visual designs for progress bars that alter users' perception of time passing, and "appear" faster when in fact they are not. As a baseline, we use standard, solid-color progress bars, prevalent in many user interfaces. In a series of direct comparison tests, we are able to rank how these augmentations compare to one another. We then show that these designs yield statistically significantly shorter perceived durations than progress bars seen in many modern interfaces, including Mac OSX. Progress bars with animated ribbing that move backwards in a decelerating manner proved to have the strongest effect. In a final experiment, we measured the effect of this particular progress bar design and showed that it reduces the perceived duration among our participants by 11%. Human Factors CHI Design user interfaces Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA experiment Scott E. Hudson Chris Harrison perception 2010 Zhiquan Yeo induced motion perceived performance percent-done indicators progress bars CHI10-176 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Evaluation of progressive image loading schemes. Although network bandwidth has increased dramatically, high-resolution images often take several seconds to load, and considerably longer on mobile devices over wireless connections. Progressive image loading techniques allow for some visual content to be displayed prior to the whole file being downloaded. In this note, we present an empirical evaluation of popular progressive image loading methods, and derive one novel technique from our findings. Results suggest a spiral variation of bilinear interlacing can yield an improvement in content recognition time. Human Factors CHI Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA empirical evaluation Anind K. Dey mobile web browsing Scott E. Hudson Chris Harrison mobile devices 2010 downloading progressive image loading CHI10-177 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Friends only: examining a privacy-enhancing behavior in facebook. Privacy practices in social network sites often appear paradoxical, as content-sharing behavior stands in conflict with the need to reduce disclosure-related harms. In this study we explore privacy in social network sites as a contextual information practice, managed by a process of boundary regulation. Drawing on a sample survey of undergraduate Facebook users, we examine a particular privacy-enhancing practice: having a friends-only Facebook profile. Particularly, we look at the association between network composition, expectancy violations, interpersonal privacy practices and having a friends-only profile. We find that expectancy violations by weak ties and increased levels of interpersonal privacy management are positively associated with having a friends-only profile. We conclude with a discussion of how these findings may be integrated into the design of systems to facilitate interaction while enhancing individual privacy. CHI Theory Management sharing communication privacy social networks survey privacy Security facebook social network sites social network sites University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA social networking facebook 2010 Fred Stutzman Jacob Kramer-Duffield behavioral modeling CHI10-178 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Moving beyond untagging: photo privacy in a tagged world. Photo tagging is a popular feature of many social network sites that allows users to annotate uploaded images with those who are in them, explicitly linking the photo to each person's profile. In this paper, we examine privacy concerns and mechanisms surrounding these tagged images. Using a focus group, we explored the needs and concerns of users, resulting in a set of design considerations for tagged photo privacy. We then designed a privacy enhancing mechanism based on our findings, and validated it using a mixed methods approach. Our results identify the social tensions that tagging generates, and the needs of privacy tools to address the social implications of photo privacy management. Human Factors CHI Design privacy social networks privacy tagging photo sharing social network sites social network sites facebook University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA 2010 Heather Richter Lipford Andrew Besmer CHI10-179 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Standardizing privacy notices: an online study of the nutrition label approach. Earlier work has shown that consumers cannot effectively find information in privacy policies and that they do not enjoy using them. In our previous research we developed a standardized table format for privacy policies. We compared this standardized format, and two short variants (one tabular, one text) with the current status quo: full text natural-language policies and layered policies. We conducted an online user study of 764 participants to test if these three more-intentionally designed, standardized privacy policy formats, assisted by consumer education, can benefit consumers. Our results show that standardized privacy policy presentations can have significant positive effects on accuracy and speed of information finding and on reader enjoyment of privacy policies. Human Factors CHI Design user study Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA language privacy privacy Lorrie Faith Cranor Patrick Gage Kelley Security education policy standardization 2010 Joanna Bresee Lucian Cesca information design p3p CHI10-180 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Family story play: reading with young children (and elmo) over a distance. We introduce Family Story Play, a system that supports grandparents to read books together with their grandchildren over the Internet. Family Story Play is designed to improve communication across generations and over a distance, and to support parents and grandparents in fostering the literacy development of young children. The interface encourages active child participation in the book reading experience by combining a paper book, a sensor-enhanced frame, video conferencing technology, and video content of a Sesame Street Muppet (Elmo). Results with users indicate that Family Story Play improves child engagement in long-distance communication and increases the quality of interaction between young children and distant grandparents. Additionally, Family Story Play encourages dialogic reading styles that are linked with literacy development. Ultimately, reading with Family Story Play becomes a creative shared activity that suggests a new kind of collaborative story telling. Human Factors CHI Design children children MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA communication video agents families literacy video conferencing Hayes Raffle Rafael Ballagas Nokia Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA video conferencing reading Joseph Kaye 2010 Janet Go Mirjana Spasojevic Sean Follmer Glenda Revelle Hiroshi Horii Emily Reardon Koichi Mori Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop, New York, NY, USA Sesame Workshop, New York, NY, USA dialogic reading family communication grandparents CHI10-181 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing with mobile digital storytelling in rural Africa. We reflect on activities to design a mobile application to enable rural people in South Africa's Eastern Cape to record and share their stories, which have implications for 'cross-cultural design,' and the wider use of stories in design. We based our initial concept for generating stories with audio and photos on cell-phones on a scenario informed by abstracting from digital storytelling projects globally and our personal experience. But insights from ethnography, and technology experiments involving storytelling, in a rural village led us to query our grounding assumptions and usability criteria. So, we implemented a method using cell-phones to localise storytelling, involve rural users and probe ways to incorporate visual and audio media. Products from this method helped us to generate design ideas for our current prototype which offers great flexibility. Thus we present a new way to depict stories digitally and a process for improving such software. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation usability audio mobile storytelling mobile devices digital storytelling ICT4D ethnography rural 2010 Gary Marsden University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Nicola J. Bidwell Thomas Reitmaier Susan Hansen James Cook University, Cairns, Australia University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia cross-cultural dialogical approach to design oral knowledge CHI10-182 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Let's play chinese characters: mobile learning approaches via culturally inspired group games. In many developing countries such as India and China, low educational levels often hinder economic empowerment. In this paper, we argue that mobile learning games can play an important role in the Chinese literacy acquisition process. We report on the unique challenges in the learning Chinese language, especially its logographic writing system. Based on an analysis of 25 traditional Chinese games currently played by children in China, we present the design and implementation of two culturally inspired mobile group learning games, Multimedia Word and Drumming Strokes. These two mobile games are designed to match Chinese children's understanding of everyday games. An informal evaluation reveals that these two games have the potential to enhance the intuitiveness and engagement of traditional games, and children may improve their knowledge of Chinese characters through group learning activities such as controversy, judgments and self-correction during the game play. Human Factors CHI Design learning children Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA multimedia games mobile University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA language ICT4D mobile games Nokia Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA John Canny Matthew Kam traditional games Guozhong Dai Hongan Wang Feng Tian Vidya Setlur developing countries Jingtao Wang 2010 Fei Lv Wencan Luo Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China chinese education chinese literacy literacy acquisition CHI10-183 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Expressive robots in education: varying the degree of social supportive behavior of a robotic tutor. Teaching is inherently a social interaction between teacher and student. Despite this knowledge, many educational tools, such as vocabulary training programs, still model the interaction in a tutoring scenario as unidirectional knowledge transfer rather than a social dialog. Therefore, ongoing research aims to develop virtual agents as more appropriate media in education. Virtual agents can induce the perception of a life-like social interaction partner that communicates through natural modalities such as speech, gestures and emotional expressions. This effect can be additionally enhanced with a physical robotic embodiment. This paper presents the development of social supportive behaviors for a robotic tutor to be used in a language learning application. The effect of these behaviors on the learning performance of students was evaluated. The results support that employing social supportive behavior increases learning efficiency of students. Human Factors CHI learning speech agents education gestures language Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands social interaction human-robot interaction education social interaction Philips Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands Christoph Bartneck tutoring 2010 Martin Saerbeck Tom Schut Maddy D. Janse CHI10-184 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Exploring affective technologies for the classroom with the subtle stone. Constructive emotional experiences are strongly related to effective learning. Yet, it is challenging for teachers, researchers and students alike to understand the emotions experienced in the classroom setting. Advances in wireless and sensor technologies open up possibilities for better supporting emotions. However, little work has explored how affective technologies in the classroom might operate. This paper describes a study where 15 high school students used the Subtle Stone: a tangible technology designed to support students' active emotional communication in the classroom. We report on how the students used and experienced this technology, and the values they demonstrated through this use: flexibility, privacy, agency, voice and reflection. We conclude by examining future possibilities for affective technologies in the classroom. CHI Design learning tangible learning emotion emotion communication Rosemary Luckin privacy University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom affect 2010 Madeline Balaam Geraldine Fitzpatrick Judith Good Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria London Knowledge Lab, London, United Kingdom affective technologies classroom emotional communication subtle stone CHI10-185 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems vSked: evaluation of a system to support classroom activities for children with autism. Visual schedules--the use of symbols to represent a series of activities or steps--have been successfully used by caregivers to help children with autism to understand, structure, and predict activities in their daily lives. Building from in-depth fieldwork and participatory design sessions, we developed vSked, an interactive and collaborative visual scheduling system designed for elementary school classrooms. We evaluated vSked in situ in one autism-specific classroom over three weeks. In this paper, we present the design principles, technical solution, and results from this successful deployment. Use of vSked resulted in reductions in staff effort required to use visual supports. vSked also resulted in improvements in the perceived quality and quantity of communication and social interactions in the classroom. Human Factors CHI Design children Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA communication education assistive technology University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA autism participatory design Gillian R. Hayes 2010 Sen H. Hirano Michael T. Yeganyan Gabriela Marcu David H. Nguyen Lou Anne Boyd Orange County Department of Education, Fullerton, CA, USA visual supports CHI10-186 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Comparing user performance with single-finger, whole-hand, and hybrid pointing devices. Researchers have explored pointing devices operated by a single finger, but their advantage was not clear compared to conventional mice controlled by the whole hand. To incorporate the benefits of both, we prototyped hybrid pointing devices that combined both finger and hand movement to control the cursor, and experimentally compared their performance with single-finger and whole-hand devices. Results showed that such hybrid devices have the potential to improve pointing performance in terms of time, error, and bandwidth, especially for precise pointing. Human Factors CHI Design pointing pointing mouse Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom Shahram Izadi finger Xiang Cao experimental studies Nicolas Villar hand 2010 hybrid CHI10-187 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems How users manipulate deformable displays as input devices. This study is aimed at understanding deformation-based user gestures by observing users interacting with artificial deformable displays with various levels of flexibility. We gained user-defined gestures that would help with the design and implementation of deformation-based interface, without considering current technical limitations. We found that when a display material gave more freedom from deformation, the level of consensus of gestures among the users as well as the intuitiveness and preferences were all enhanced. This study offers implications for deformation-based interaction which will be helpful for both designers and engineers who are trying to set the direction for future interface and technology development. Human Factors CHI Design input input devices gestures user interfaces gestures Sang-Su Lee flexible displays 2010 Sohyun Kim Bopil Jin Eunji Choi Boa Kim Xu Jia Daeeop Kim Kun-pyo Lee KAIST, Daejon, South Korea deformation organic user interface CHI10-188 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Cord input: an intuitive, high-accuracy, multi-degree-of-freedom input method for mobile devices. A cord, although simple in form, has many interesting physical affordances that make it powerful as an input device. Not only can a length of cord be grasped in different locations, but also pulled, twisted and bent---four distinct and expressive dimensions that could potentially act in concert. Such an input mechanism could be readily integrated into headphones, backpacks, and clothing. Once grasped in the hand, a cord can be used in an eyes-free manner to control mobile devices, which often feature small screens and cramped buttons. In this note, we describe a proof-of-concept cord-based sensor, which senses three of the four input dimensions we propose. In addition to a discussion of potential uses, we also present results from our preliminary user study. The latter sought to compare the targeting performance and selection accuracy of different cord-based input modalities. We conclude with brief set of design recommendations drawn upon results from our study. Human Factors CHI Design input user study Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA selection input devices mobile Scott E. Hudson wearable computing Chris Harrison mobile devices Jennifer Mankoff Julia Schwarz mobile interaction 2010 cord-based input CHI10-189 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Minput: enabling interaction on small mobile devices with high-precision, low-cost, multipoint optical tracking. We present Minput, a sensing and input method that enables intuitive and accurate interaction on very small devices -- ones too small for practical touch screen use and with limited space to accommodate physical buttons. We achieve this by incorporating two, inexpensive and high-precision optical sensors (like those found in optical mice) into the underside of the device. This allows the entire device to be used as an input mechanism, instead of the screen, avoiding occlusion by fingers. In addition to x/y translation, our system also captures twisting motion, enabling many interesting interaction opportunities typically found in larger and far more complex systems. Human Factors CHI input Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA touch pointing sensors sensing mobile Scott E. Hudson gestures Chris Harrison mobile devices sensors mobile devices touch screens touch screens input spatially aware displays 2010 optical tracking CHI10-190 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems How power users help and hinder open bug reporting. Many power users that contribute to open source projects have no intention of becoming regular contributors; they just want a bug fixed or a feature implemented. How often do these users participate in open source projects and what do they contribute? To investigate these questions, we analyzed the reports of Mozilla contributors who reported problems but were never assigned problems to fix. These analyses revealed that over 11 years and millions of reports, most of these 150,000 users reported non-issues that devolved into technical support, redundant reports with little new information, or narrow, expert feature requests. Reports that did lead to changes were reported by a comparably small group of experienced, frequent reporters, mostly before the release of Firefox 1. These results suggest that the primary value of open bug reporting is in recruiting talented reporters, and not in deriving value from the masses. Human Factors CHI Design University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Andrew J. Ko open source software (oss) 2010 Parmit K. Chilana bugzilla firefox mozilla CHI10-191 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Bringing the field into focus: user-centered design of a patient expertise locator. Managing personal aspects of health is challenging for many patients, particularly those facing a serious condition such as cancer. Finding experienced patients, who can share their knowledge from managing a similar health situation, is of tremendous value. Users of health-related social software form a large base of such knowledge, yet these tools often lack features needed to locate peers with expertise. Informed directly by our field work with breast cancer patients, we designed a patient expertise locator for users of online health communities. Using feedback from two focus groups with breast cancer survivors, we took our design through two iterations. Focus groups concluded that expertise locating features proved useful for extending social software. They guided design enhancements by suggesting granular user control through (1) multiple mechanisms to identify expertise, (2) detailed user profiles to select expertise, and (3) varied collaboration levels. Our user-centered approach links field work to design through close collaboration with patients. By illustrating trade-offs made when sharing sensitive health information, our findings inform the incorporation of expertise locating features into social software for patients. CHI Design user-centered design CSCW sharing collaboration feedback collaboration health University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA David W. McDonald expertise locating user-centered design recommendation systems social software 2010 Meredith M. Skeels Wanda Pratt Chris Powell Andrea Civan-Hartzler personal health informatics Marlee Mukai CHI10-192 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems What do you know? experts, novices and territoriality in collaborative systems. When experts participate in collaborative systems, tension may arise between them and novice contributors. In particular, when experts perceive novices as a bother or a threat, the experts may express territoriality: behaviors communicating ownership of a target of interest. In this paper, we describe the results of a user study of a mobile social tagging system deployed within a museum gallery to a group of novices and experts collaboratively tagging part of the collection. We observed that experts express greater feelings of ownership towards their contributions to the system and the museum in general. Experts were more likely than novices to participate at higher rates and to negatively evaluate contributions made by others. We suggest a number of design strategies to balance experts' expressions of territoriality so as to motivate their participation while discouraging exclusionary behaviors. Human Factors CHI user study IBM T.J. Watson Research Center mobile collaboration territoriality Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Jennifer Thom-Santelli museums Dan Cosley tagging Geri Gay 2010 experts novices CHI10-193 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems An empirical task analysis of warehouse order picking using head-mounted displays. Evaluations of task guidance systems often focus on evaluations of new technologies rather than comparing the nuances of interaction across the various systems. One common domain for task guidance systems is warehouse order picking. We present a method involving an easily reproducible ecologically motivated order picking environment for quantitative user studies designed to reveal differences in interactions. Using this environment, we perform a 12 participant within-subjects experiment demonstrating the advantages of a head-mounted display based picking chart over a traditional text-based pick list, a paper-based graphical pick chart, and a mobile pick-by-voice system. The test environment proved sufficiently sensitive, showing statistically significant results along several metrics with the head-mounted display system performing the best. We also provide a detailed analysis of the strategies adopted by our participants. Human Factors CHI user study Experimentation experiment Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA mobile wearable computers Thad Starner Standardization head-mounted display 2010 Kimberly A. Weaver Hannes Baumann Hendrick Iben Michael Lawo Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany order picking CHI10-194 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Where is my team: supporting situation awareness with tactile displays. A group of friends visiting a crowded and noisy music festival is an example of a situation where knowing the location of other people is important, but where external factors, such as darkness or noise, can limit the ability to keep track of the others. By combining theories about situation awareness and cognitive processing we inferred that communicating information via the sense of touch is a promising approach in such situations. We therefore investigated how to present the location of several people using a tactile torso display. In particular we focused on encoding spatial distances in the tactile signals. We experimentally compared encoding spatial distances in the rhythm, duration, and intensity of a tactile signal. Our findings show that all parameters are suited to encode distances. None of it was clearly outperformed. We then embedded our tactile location encoding into a fast-paced 3D multiplayer game. In this game, team play and the awareness of the team members' locations are crucial for the success in the game. The results provides evidence that the locations of the team members could be processed effectively despite the game's high cognitive demands. In addition, the team equipped with the tactile display showed a better team play and a higher situation awareness. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation touch 3d awareness tactile music 2010 tactile ui Martin Pielot Oliver Krull Susanne Boll OFFIS Institute for Information Technology, Oldenburg, Germany University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany situation awareness spatial information encoding CHI10-195 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Clutching at straws: using tangible interaction to provide non-visual access to graphs. We present a tangible user interface (TUI) called Tangible Graph Builder, that has been designed to allow visually impaired users to access graph and chart-based data. We describe the current paper-based materials used to allow independent graph construction and browsing, before discussing how researchers have applied virtual haptic and non-speech audio techniques to provide more flexible access. We discuss why, although these technologies overcome many of the problems of non-visual graph access, they also introduce new issues and why the application of TUIs is important. An evaluation of Tangible Graph Builder with 12 participants (8 sight deprived, 4 blind) revealed key design requirements for non-visual TUIs, including phicon design and handling marker detection failure. We finish by presenting future work and improvements to our system. Human Factors CHI Design speech user interfaces tangible Experimentation browsing audio tangible user interface haptic graphs Stephen Brewster University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom tangible user interface David McGookin visual impairment 2010 Euan Robertson haptic interaction CHI10-196 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Understanding the impact of abstracted audio preview of SMS. Despite the availability of other mobile messaging applications, SMS has kept its position as a heavily used communication technology. However, there are many situations in which it is inconvenient or inappropriate to check a message's content immediately. In this paper, we introduce the concept of audio previews of SMS. Based on a real-time analysis of the content of a message, we provide auditory cues in addition to the notification tone upon receiving an SMS. We report on a field trial with 20 participants and show that the use of audio-enhanced SMS affects the reading and writing behavior of users. Our work is motivated by the results of an online survey among 347 SMS users of whose we analyzed 3400 text messages. Human Factors CHI audio communication mobile notification user study Nokia Research Center, Finland survey field trial mobile phones Albrecht Schmidt SMS Jonna Häkkilä 2010 Ari-Heikki Sarjanoja Alireza Sahami Shirazi Florian Alt University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany auditory ui emoticon CHI10-197 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Effects of automated transcription quality on non-native speakers' comprehension in real-time computer-mediated communication. Real-time transcription has been shown to be valuable in facilitating non-native speakers' comprehension in real-time communication. Automated speech recognition (ASR) technology is a critical ingredient for its practical deployment. This paper presents a series of studies investigating how the quality of transcripts generated by an ASR system impacts user comprehension and subjective evaluation. Experiments are first presented comparing performance across three different transcription conditions: no transcript, a perfect transcript, and a transcript with Word Error Rate (WER) =20%. We found 20% WER was the most likely critical point for transcripts to be just acceptable and useful. Then we further examined a lower WER of 10% (a lower bound for today's state-of-the-art systems) employing the same experimental design. The results indicated that at 10% WER comprehension performance was significantly improved compared to the no-transcript condition. Finally, implications for further system development and design are discussed. Human Factors CHI speech speech recognition IBM T.J. Watson Research Center communication mediated communication CMC computer-mediated communication experiment IBM Research - China, Beijing, China Yingxin Pan Danning Jiang Michael Picheny Yong Qin non-native speakers real-time transcription Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 2010 Lin Yao automated speech recognition CHI10-198 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems What do people ask their social networks, and why? a survey study of status message q&a behavior. People often turn to their friends, families, and colleagues when they have questions. The recent, rapid rise of online social networking tools has made doing this on a large scale easy and efficient. In this paper we explore the phenomenon of using social network status messages to ask questions. We conducted a survey of 624 people, asking them to share the questions they have asked and answered of their online social networks. We present detailed data on the frequency of this type of question asking, the types of questions asked, and respondents' motivations for asking their social networks rather than using more traditional search tools like Web search engines. We report on the perceived speed and quality of the answers received, as well as what motivates people to respond to questions seen in their friends' status messages. We then discuss the implications of our findings for the design of next-generation search tools. Human Factors CHI Design Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA search motivation Measurement web search social networks social networking survey Jaime Teevan web search families Meredith Ringel Morris Katrina Panovich social search Q&A q&a social networks 2010 CHI10-199 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Affirming the self through online profiles: beneficial effects of social networking sites. Self-affirmation is the process of bringing to awareness important aspects of the self, such as values, goals, and treasured characteristics. When affirmed, individuals are more open-minded and less defensive. This study examines whether social networking tools, such as Facebook, have self-affirming value. Participants were asked to either spend time on their own Facebook profiles, or on a stranger's profile. Afterwards, they were given negative feedback on a task. Participants who spent time on their own profiles were more accepting of the feedback, and less likely to engage in ego-protective mechanisms, such as derogating the task or the evaluator. In fact, they behaved identically to participants who completed a classic self-affirmation manipulation. The theoretical contributions of this paper include (1) identifying intrapersonal effects of online self-presentation and (2) extending self-affirmation theory to include social media use. CHI Theory theory Experimentation awareness feedback social networking Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA facebook social media social networking sites self-presentation Catalina L. Toma 2010 media effects self-affirmation CHI10-200 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Improving social game engagement on facebook through enhanced socio-contextual information. In this paper we describe the results of a controlled study of a social game, Magpies, which was built on the Facebook Online Social Network (OSN) and enhanced with contextual social information in the form of a variety of social network indices. Through comparison with a concurrent control trial using an identical game without the enhanced social information, it was shown that the additional contextual data increased the frequency of social activity between players engaged in the game. Despite this increase in activity, there was little increase in growth of the player-base when compared to the control condition. These findings corroborate previous work that showed how socio-contextual enhancement can increase performance on task-driven games, whilst also suggesting that it can increase activity and engagement when provided as context for non task-driven game environments. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation games context social visualization social networks facebook social gaming social network analysis University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom 2010 Ben Kirman Shaun Lawson Conor Linehan Francesco Martino Luciano Gamberini Andrea Gaggioli University of Padova, Padova, Italy Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy mediated interaction social context CHI10-201 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The role of community and groupware in geocache creation and maintenance. Applications that provide location-based experiences are an increasingly viable design space given the proliferation of GPS-enabled mobile devices. However, these applications are in their infancy, and we do not yet know what design factors will contribute to their success. For this reason, we have studied the well-established location-based experience of geocaching. We report on the results of a survey of geocachers along with observations from our own in-depth geocaching activities. Our findings illustrate that geocaching permits users to create a range of experiences for others within a permeable yet restricted culture of norms. Once created, geocaches are maintained by the community of geocachers through a well-designed groupware system. Here maintenance acts can be performed "in the small," given their lightweight and well-defined nature, and become less about maintenance and more about personal participation. These findings provide insight into how community and groupware can be leveraged to support applications for location-based experiences. Human Factors CHI Design culture Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA mobile groupware mobile devices community survey gps GPS University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Carman Neustaedter Kodak Research Labs, Rochester, NY, USA Anthony Tang 2010 Judge K. Tejinder geocaching location-based experiences CHI10-202 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Doctors and psychosocial information: records and reuse in inpatient care. We conducted a field-based study at a large teaching hospital to examine doctors' use and documentation of patient care information, with a special focus on a patient's psychosocial information. We were particularly interested in the gaps between the medical work and any representations of the patient. The paper describes how doctors record this information for immediate and long-term use. We found that doctors documented a considerable amount of psychosocial information in their electronic health records (EHR) system. Yet, we also observed that such information was recorded selectively, and a medicalized view-point is a key contributing factor. Our study shows how missing or problematic representations of a patient affect work activities and patient care. We accordingly suggest that EHR systems could be made more usable and useful in the long run, by supporting both representations of medical processes and of patients. Human Factors CHI Design CSCW affect Documentation University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA reuse Mark S. Ackerman Xiaomu Zhou medical records Kai Zheng electronic patient records organizational memory psychosocial information health 2010 ehr health informatics physician information needs CHI10-203 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Supporting coordination in surgical suites: physical aspects of common information spaces. To accommodate frequent emergencies, interruptions, and delays, hospital staff continually make and coordinate changes to the surgery schedule. The technical and social aspects of coordination in surgical suites have been described by prior studies. This paper addresses an understudied aspect of coordination: the physical environment. Based on a field study of four surgical suites in two large academic centers, we show how the physical layout of hallways and rooms, and barriers and spaces around displays and key coordinators, support or fail to support the common information spaces used for coordination. We use the concept "information hotspots" to represent how physical places and their characteristics facilitate coordination. We developed design principles based on the concept of information hotspots that should guide architectural considerations for coordination in dynamic environments such as hospitals. Human Factors CHI Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA whiteboards interruption coordination field study Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA coordination Susan R. Fussell Sara Kiesler shared displays Peter G. Scupelli 2010 Yan Xiao Mark D. Gross Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA electronic scheduling physical environment CHI10-204 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Documenting transitional information in EMR. An observational study was conducted to examine EMR-based documentation in an Emergency Department (ED), with an emphasis on computerized documentation activities in the complex flow of clinical processes. This study revealed a gap between the formal EMR documentation and the actual clinical workflow, which leads ED staff to rely on intermediate - transitional artifacts to facilitate their work. The analysis of these transitional artifacts in four different clinical workflows shows that the EMR system's inability to document procedural information, capture key information, and present information according to the actual clinical workflow are accountable for leading to the use of transitional artifacts. The findings of this study call for designing EMR system not only for keeping patients' formal records, but also for documenting transitional information in the chart-writing process. CHI Design documents medical records University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA 2010 Yunan Chen clinical documentation clinical workflow emr transitional artifacts CHI10-205 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Understanding the space for co-design in riders' interactions with a transit service. The recent advances in web 2.0 technologies and the rapid adoption of smart phones raises many opportunities for public services to improve their services by engaging their users (who are also owners of the service) in co-design: a dialog where users help design the services they use. To investigate this opportunity, we began a service design project investigating how to create repeated information exchanges between riders and a transit agency in order to create a virtual "place" from which the dialog on services could take place. Through interviews with riders, a workshop with a transit agency, and speed dating of design concepts, we have developed a design direction. Specifically, we propose a service that combines vehicle location and "fullness" ratings provided by riders with dynamic route change information from the transit agency as a foundation for a dialog around riders conveying input for continuous service improvement. CHI Design input Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA social computing interviews John Zimmerman Anthony Tomasic web 2.0 research through design 2010 Daisy Yoo Aaron Steinfeld public service service design transit CHI10-206 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems OneBusAway: results from providing real-time arrival information for public transit. Public transit systems play an important role in combating traffic congestion, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting compact, sustainable urban communities. The usability of public transit can be significantly enhanced by providing good traveler information systems. We describe OneBusAway, a set of transit tools focused on providing real-time arrival information for Seattle-area bus riders. We then present results from a survey of OneBusAway users that show a set of important positive outcomes: strongly increased overall satisfaction with public transit, decreased waiting time, increased transit trips per week, increased feelings of safety, and even a health benefit in terms of increased distance walked when using transit. Finally, we discuss the design and policy implications of these results and plans for future research in this area. Human Factors CHI usability survey health University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA mobile devices health safety sustainability safety 2010 Alan Borning Brian Ferris Kari Watkins public transit real-time information walking CHI10-207 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Biketastic: sensing and mapping for better biking. Bicycling is an affordable, environmentally friendly alternative transportation mode to motorized travel. A common task performed by bikers is to find good routes in an area, where the quality of a route is based on safety, efficiency, and enjoyment. Finding routes involves trial and error as well as exchanging information between members of a bike community. Biketastic is a platform that enriches this experimentation and route sharing process making it both easier and more effective. Using a mobile phone application and online map visualization, bikers are able to document and share routes, ride statistics, sensed information to infer route roughness and noisiness, and media that documents ride experience. Biketastic was designed to ensure the link between information gathering, visualization, and bicycling practices. In this paper, we present architecture and algorithms for route data inferences and visualization. We evaluate the system based on feedback from bicyclists provided during a two-week pilot. Human Factors CHI Design sharing Algorithms visualization documents sensing mobile feedback community mobile phones safety University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2010 Sasank Reddy Katie Shilton Gleb Denisov Christian Cenizal Deborah Estrin Mani Srivastava location based services map visualization mobile sensing systems participatory sensing CHI10-208 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A death in the family: opportunities for designing technologies for the bereaved. Following the death of a loved one, bereaved family members use technology in several ways to respond to their loss. However, very little is known about how technology intersects with the lives of the bereaved. We present a survey and interview study which examines how the bereaved inherit personal digital devices, use technology to remember the deceased, and reflect on their own digital estates. The study provides one of the first characterizations of technology use by the bereaved, and presents a set of empirically-grounded design opportunities and challenges. Human Factors CHI Design interviews University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada survey families memory Michael Massimi Ronald Baecker 2010 bereaved death inheritance thanatosensitive design CHI10-209 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Passing on & putting to rest: understanding bereavement in the context of interactive technologies. While it can be a delicate and emotionally-laden topic, new technological trends compel us to confront a range of problems and issues about death and bereavement. This area presents complex challenges and the associated literature is extensive. In this paper we offer a way of slicing through several perspectives in the social sciences to see clearly a set of salient issues related to bereavement. Following this, we present a theoretical lens to provide a way of conceptualizing how the HCI community could begin to approach such issues. We then report field evidence from 11 in-depth interviews conducted with bereaved participants and apply the proposed lens to unpack key emergent problems and tensions. We conclude with a discussion on how the HCI design space might be sensitized to better support the social processes that unfold when bereavement occurs. Human Factors CHI Design hci Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA context interviews community Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom David Kirk Abigail Sellen Richard Harper William Odom 2010 Richard Banks bereavement digital persistence understanding people CHI10-210 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Fear and the city: role of mobile services in harnessing safety and security in urban use contexts. This paper describes investigation of a mobile communication system that helps alleviate fear experienced in the urban context. In order to obtain empirically grounded insights for the concept design, urban females in their twenties and thirties and living in Bangalore, New Delhi and San Francisco, were studied. More than 200 females filled in an online survey. Extensive qualitative data for 13 participants were collected through week long diaries, semi-structured interviews, and situated participative enactment of scenarios. Fear-related concerns were voiced both in India and the U.S., suggesting that reducing fear, particularly in a pedestrian context after the onset of darkness, could be a globally applicable need. User research findings into subjective experiences of fear, contexts in which they occur, and behavioral strategies were used to design a mobile service titled ComfortZones. This concept was developed to the level of a high fidelity prototype and tested in a field trial in India. The investigation highlights further opportunities for design, particularly the notion of emphasizing positive and socially successful qualities of cities to communities concerned with their safety and security. Human Factors CHI Design communication context mobile user interfaces interviews Nokia Research Center, Finland survey Security security field trial safety user-centered design Nokia Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Jan Blom 2010 Janet Go Mirjana Spasojevic Divya Viswanathan Karthik Acharya Robert Ahonius Nokia Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland Nokia Research Center, Bangalore, India CHI10-211 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems UpStream: motivating water conservation with low-cost water flow sensing and persuasive displays. Water is our most precious and most rapidly declining natural resource. We explore pervasive technology as an approach for promoting water conservation in public and private spaces. We hope to motivate immediate reduction in water use as well as higher-order behaviors (seeking new information, etc) through unobtrusive low-cost water flow sensing and several persuasive displays. Early prototypes were installed at public faucets and a private (shared) shower, logging water usage first without and then with ambient displays. This pilot study led to design iterations, culminating in long-term deployment of sensors in four private showers over the course of three weeks. Sensors first logged baseline water usage without visualization. Then, two display styles, ambient and numeric, were deployed in random order, each showing individual and average water consumption. Quantitative data along with participants' feedback contrast the effectiveness of numeric displays against abstract visualization in this very important domain of water conservation and public health. Human Factors CHI Design Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA visualization sensors sensing feedback health ambient displays persuasive technology sustainability ambient displays Eric Paulos 2010 Stacey Kuznetsov CHI10-212 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems InAir: sharing indoor air quality measurements and visualizations. This paper describes inAir, a tool for sharing measurements and visualizations of indoor air quality within one's social network. Poor indoor air quality is difficult for humans to detect through sight and smell alone and can contribute to the development of chronic diseases. Through a four-week long study of fourteen households as six groups, we found that inAir (1) increased awareness of, and reflection on air quality, (2) promoted behavioral changes that resulted in improved indoor air quality, and (3) demonstrated the persuasive power of sharing for furthering improvements to indoor air quality in terms of fostering new social awareness and behavior changes as well as strengthening social bonds and prompting collaborative efforts across social networks to improve human health and well being. CHI Design Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA sharing visualization awareness social networks health sensors health persuasive technology iPhone sustainability domestic technology Eric Paulos 2010 Sunyoung Kim air quality environment CHI10-213 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Exploring sustainable design with reusable paper. This paper explores the need for sustainable design with paper: how people really print and how we can take advantage of novel, reusable paper technology. We conducted two studies to investigate user's printing behavior. A key finding of the first study was that users often need an intermediate state between the electronic and physical forms of their documents. The second study examined users' predictions of which types of documents required this intermediate state. We formulate these findings into design guidelines that take into account: examination phase, transitions, cognitive and emotional reasons, and task- and event-relevant documents. Finally, we discuss how the different physical characteristics of reusable paper affect the user interface and could effectively support sustainable design. Human Factors CHI user interfaces Experimentation affect documents Wendy Mackay sustainability Julie Wagner 2010 INRIA, Paris, France printing reusable paper sustainable design CHI10-214 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Finding the lost treasure: understanding reuse of used computing devices. In this paper, we report our findings on the adoption practices of used personal digital assistants (PDAs) to inform reuse of outdated computing products. Our interviews with 12 eBay users who bought used PDAs showed a variety of ways in which users indirectly supported sustainability. This allowed us to re-examine sustainability as something that is dynamically and arbitrarily shaped by the users and not just dependent on the sustainable feature of the product. We end with design implications for supporting users' shaping of sustainability. CHI Design Theory University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA interviews reuse reuse sustainability sustainable interaction design Kevin Nam sustainability pdas 2010 Jina Huh Nikhil Sharma situated sustainability CHI10-215 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Physician-driven management of patient progress notes in an intensive care unit. We describe fieldwork in which we studied hospital ICU physicians and their strategies and documentation aids for composing patient progress notes. We then present a clinical documentation prototype, activeNotes, that supports the creation of these notes, using techniques designed based on our fieldwork. ActiveNotes integrates automated, context-sensitive patient data retrieval, and user control of automated data updates and alerts via tagging, into the documentation process. We performed a qualitative study of activeNotes with 15 physicians at the hospital to explore the utility of our information retrieval and tagging techniques. The physicians indicated their desire to use tags for a number of purposes, some of them extensions to what we intended, and others new to us and unexplored in other systems of which we are aware. We discuss the physicians' responses to our prototype and distill several of their proposed uses of tags: to assist in note content management, communication with other clinicians, and care delivery. Human Factors CHI IBM T.J. Watson Research Center communication context interaction techniques user interfaces tagging qualitative studies University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Steven Feiner input information retrieval Jennifer Lai 2010 Lauren Wilcox Jie Lu Desmond Jordan medical user interfaces CHI10-216 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Mobile-izing health workers in rural India. Researchers have long been interested in the potential of ICTs to enable positive change in developing regions communities. In these environments, ICT interventions often fail because political, social and cultural forces work against the changes ICTs entail. We argue that familiar uses of ICTs for information services in these contexts are less potent than their use for persuasion and motivation in order to facilitate change. We focus on India's rural maternal health system where health workers are employed in villages to persuade pregnant women to utilize health services. Health workers face challenges due to resistance to change in the village, and because of their limited education, training and status. These factors appear to reduce the motivation of health workers and impair their performance. For two months, we deployed short videos on mobile phones designed to persuade village women and motivate health workers. We also asked health workers to record their own videos. While our results are preliminary, they show evidence that the creation and use of videos did help (1) engage village women in dialogue, (2) show positive effects toward health worker motivation and learning, and (3) motivate key community influencers to participate in promoting the health workers. Human Factors CHI learning mobile University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA motivation persuasion community Edward Cutrell health health care mobile phones education Microsoft Research India, Bangalore, India mobile phones motivation John Canny ICTD developing regions Divya Ramachandran qualitative research 2010 Prabhu Dutta Das Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Ahmedabad, India CHI10-217 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems "Who's scribing?": documenting patient encounter during trauma resuscitation. With healthcare moving towards electronic health records, it is important to understand existing work practices to design effective systems. We conducted an observational study in a Level I trauma center to examine the documentation process and the role of the nurse recorder in trauma resuscitation. We identified several difficulties with current recording practices, including the late arrival of the nurse recorder, parallel activities of the trauma team, and multitasking by the recorder. Our observations showed that the recorder's role extends beyond archival responsibilities. The recorder, with the help of a paper record, manages the resuscitation process, rather than passively documenting it. Our findings highlighted the complexity of the recorder's role and the need to consider documentation in the broader context of trauma teamwork. We proposed a set of design challenges that emphasize important aspects of trauma care to be considered when designing technologies to support the documentation process. Human Factors CHI Design context health care medical records health multitasking 2010 Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA Aleksandra Sarcevic collocated teams documentation methods trauma resuscitation CHI10-218 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Social network activity and social well-being. Previous research has shown a relationship between use of social networking sites and feelings of social capital. However, most studies have relied on self-reports by college students. The goals of the current study are to (1) validate the common self-report scale using empirical data from Facebook, (2) test whether previous findings generalize to older and international populations, and (3) delve into the specific activities linked to feelings of social capital and loneliness. In particular, we investigate the role of directed interaction between pairs---such as wall posts, comments, and "likes" --- and consumption of friends' content, including status updates, photos, and friends' conversations with other friends. We find that directed communication is associated with greater feelings of bonding social capital and lower loneliness, but has only a modest relationship with bridging social capital, which is primarily related to overall friend network size. Surprisingly, users who consume greater levels of content report reduced bridging and bonding social capital and increased loneliness. Implications for designs to support well-being are discussed. CHI Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Experimentation conversation communication computer-mediated communication social networks social networking facebook Moira Burke social network sites Cameron Marlow Thomas Lento Facebook, Palo Alto, CA, USA social capital loneliness 2010 CHI10-219 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Predicting influence in an online community of creators. This paper introduces the concept of Online Communities of Creators (OCOCs), which are a subset of social network sites in which the core activity is sharing personal, original creations. Next it defines two distinct types of influence, Project Influence and Social Influence. Project Influence is a measure of the degree to which the community recognizes members' work. Social Influence is a measure of how much a member is a social bridge between otherwise unconnected members. These two types of influence are studied in an online programming community called the Scratch Online Community. Two multiple linear regressions determine the factors that predict each of the two types of influence. The factors predicting each were distinct, suggesting that these are two distinct constructs in this community. CHI Design Theory Experimentation sharing programming influence community social networks social media social network sites SNS online communities 2010 Elisabeth Sylvan TERC, Cambridge, MA, USA content creators online communities of creators CHI10-220 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Lurking? cyclopaths? a quantitative lifecycle analysis of user behavior in a geowiki. Online communities produce rich behavioral datasets, e.g., Usenet news conversations, Wikipedia edits, and Facebook friend networks. Analysis of such datasets yields important insights (like the "long tail" of user participation) and suggests novel design interventions (like targeting users with personalized opportunities and work requests). However, certain key user data typically are unavailable, specifically viewing, pre-registration, and non-logged-in activity. The absence of data makes some questions hard to answer; ac- cess to it can strengthen, extend, or cast doubt on previous results. We report on analysis of user behavior in Cyclopath, a geographic wiki and route-finder for bicyclists. With access to viewing and non-logged-in activity data, we were able to: (a) replicate and extend prior work on user lifecycles in Wikipedia, (b) bring to light some pre-registration activity, thus testing for the presence of "educational lurking," and (c) demonstrate the locality of geographic activity and how editing and viewing are geographically correlated. Human Factors CHI Design IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Loren Terveen conversation presence Thomas Erickson University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Reid Priedhorsky wikipedia wiki wiki facebook online communities lurking 2010 Katherine Panciera geographic volunteer work geowiki open content volunteered geographic information CHI10-221 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Motivations to participate in online communities. A consistent theoretical and practical challenge in the design of socio-technical systems is that of motivating users to participate in and contribute to them. This study examines the case of Everything2.com users from the theoretical perspectives of Uses and Gratifications and Organizational Commitment to compare individual versus organizational motivations in user participation. We find evidence that users may continue to participate in a site for different reasons than those that led them to the site. Feelings of belonging to a site are important for both anonymous and registered users across different types of uses. Long-term users felt more dissatisfied with the site than anonymous users. Social and cognitive factors seem to be more important than issues of usability in predicting contribution to the site. Human Factors CHI Theory usability motivation motivation online communities online communities Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Cliff A.C. Lampe lurker 2010 Rick Wash Alcides Velasquez Elif Ozkaya peripheral participation CHI10-222 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Motivating expressive writing with a text-to-sound application. Writing about emotional experiences has been shown to have long-term physical and mental health benefits, but it also creates short-term discomfort. We designed a system to motivate expressive writing by enhancing enjoyment and pleasure. Using automated language analysis, we designed a system that maps sound onto categories of language resulting in a musical interpretation of expressive writing texts. An experimental design compared the experience of 126 participants across musical and non-musical writing platforms Participants found the musical system to be more pleasurable. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation language Measurement Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA health Geri Gay health creative tools Amy L. Gonzales text analysis 2010 Tiffany Y. Ng OJ Zhao expressive writing music system sound mapping CHI10-223 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Artificial subtle expressions: intuitive notification methodology of artifacts. We describe artificial subtle expressions (ASEs) as intuitive notification methodology for artifacts' internal states for users. We prepared two types of audio ASEs; one was a flat artificial sound (flat ASE), and the other was a sound that decreased in pitch (decreasing ASE). These two ASEs were played after a robot made a suggestion to the users. Specifically, we expected that the decreasing ASE would inform users of the robot's lower level of confidence about the suggestions. We then conducted a simple experiment to observe whether the participants accepted or rejected the robot's suggestion in terms of the ASEs. The results showed that they accepted the robot's suggestion when the flat ASE was used, whereas they rejected it when the decreasing ASE was used. Therefore, we found that the ASEs succeeded in conveying the robot's internal state to the users accurately and intuitively. Human Factors CHI Experimentation audio experiment methodology notification Seiji Yamada 2010 Takanori Komatsu Kazuki Kobayashi Kotaro Funakoshi Mikio Nakano Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan Nationl Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd, Wako, Japan accurate artificial subtle expressions (ases) complementary intuitive simple CHI10-224 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems SoundNet: investigating a language composed of environmental sounds. Auditory displays have been used in both human-machine and computer interfaces. However, the use of non-speech audio in assistive communication for people with language disabilities, or in other applications that employ visual representations, is still under-investigated. In this paper, we introduce SoundNet, a linguistic database that associates natural environmental sounds with words and concepts. A sound labeling study was carried out to verify SoundNet associations and to investigate how well the sounds evoke concepts. A second study was conducted using the verified SoundNet data to explore the power of environmental sounds to convey concepts in sentence contexts, compared with conventional icons and animations. Our results show that sounds can effectively illustrate (especially concrete) concepts and can be applied to assistive interfaces. Human Factors CHI Design speech Experimentation audio communication Languages language assistive technology Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Xiaojuan Ma Perry R. Cook 2010 Christiane Fellbaum environmental sound soundnet CHI10-225 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Detecting professional versus personal closeness using an enterprise social network site. In this work we analyze the behavior on a company-internal social network site to determine which interaction patterns signal closeness between colleagues. Regression analysis suggests that employee behavior on social network sites (SNSs) reveals information about both professional and personal closeness. While some factors are predictive of general closeness (e.g. content recommendations), other factors signal that employees feel personal closeness towards their colleagues, but not professional closeness (e.g. mutual profile commenting). This analysis contributes to our understanding of how SNS behavior reflects relationship multiplexity: the multiple facets of our relationships with SNS connections. Human Factors CHI The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA social networks social media David R. Millen IBM Research, Cambridge, MA, USA social network sites social network sites tie strength Joan M. DiMicco 2010 organizations Anna Wu multiplexity workplace relationships CHI10-226 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Lessons learned from blog muse: audience-based inspiration for bloggers. Blogging in the enterprise is increasingly popular and recent research has shown that there are numerous benefits for both individuals and the organization, e.g. developing reputation or sharing knowledge. However, participation is very low, blogs are often abandoned and few users realize those benefits. We have designed and implemented a novel system -- called Blog Muse -- whose goal is to inspire potential blog writers by connecting them with their audience through a topic-suggestion system. We describe our system design and report results from a 4-week study with 1004 users who installed our tool. Our data indicate that topics requested by users are effective at inspiring bloggers to write and lead to more social interactions around the resulting entries. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation sharing David R. Millen social software blogs IBM Research, Cambridge, MA, USA blogs Werner Geyer Casey Dugan participation recommendations 2010 CHI10-227 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Mapping the landscape of sustainable HCI. With the recent growth in sustainable HCI, now is a good time to map out the approaches being taken and the intellectual commitments that underlie the area, to allow for community discussion about where the field should go. Here, we provide an empirical analysis of how sustainable HCI is defining itself as a research field. Based on a corpus of published works, we identify (1) established genres in the area, (2) key unrecognized intellectual differences, and (3) emerging issues, including urgent avenues for further exploration, opportunities for interdisciplinary engagement, and key topics for debate. Human Factors CHI hci Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA community sustainability Phoebe Sengers reflective HCI Carl DiSalvo sustainable HCI 2010 Hrönn Brynjarsdóttir Information Science, Ithaca, NY, USA CHI10-228 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Home, habits, and energy: examining domestic interactions and energy consumption. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study of people's everyday interactions with energy-consuming products and systems in the home. Initial results from a large online survey are also considered. This research focuses not only on "conservation behavior" but importantly investigates interactions with technology that may be characterized as "normal consumption" or "over-consumption." A novel vocabulary for analyzing and designing energy-conserving interactions is proposed based on our findings, including: cutting, trimming, switching, upgrading, and shifting. Using the proposed vocabulary, and informed by theoretical developments from various literatures, this paper demonstrates ways in which everyday interactions with technology in the home are performed without conscious consideration of energy consumption but rather are unconscious, habitual, and irrational. Implications for the design of energy-conserving interactions with technology and broader challenges for HCI research are proposed. Human Factors CHI hci Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA home survey qualitative studies Diane J. Schiano sustainability sustainable interaction design James Pierce Eric Paulos 2010 Yahoo!, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA energy CHI10-229 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Studying always-on electricity feedback in the home. The recent emphasis on sustainability has made consumers more aware of their responsibility for saving resources, in particular, electricity. Consumers can better understand how to save electricity by gaining awareness of their consumption beyond the typical monthly bill. We conducted a study to understand consumers' awareness of energy consumption in the home and to determine their requirements for an interactive, always-on interface for exploring data to gain awareness of home energy consumption. In this paper, we describe a three-stage approach to supporting electricity conservation routines: raise awareness, inform complex changes, and maintain sustainable routines. We then present the findings from our study to support design implications for energy consumption feedback interfaces. CHI Design participatory design awareness feedback Measurement home home Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA behavior change sustainability Yann Riche 2010 Jonathan Dodge Ronald A. Metoyer Riche Design, Seattle, WA, USA electricity feedback CHI10-230 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The design of eco-feedback technology. Eco-feedback technology provides feedback on individual or group behaviors with a goal of reducing environmental impact. The history of eco-feedback extends back more than 40 years to the origins of environmental psychology. Despite its stated purpose, few HCI eco-feedback studies have attempted to measure behavior change. This leads to two overarching questions: (1) what can HCI learn from environmental psychology and (2) what role should HCI have in designing and evaluating eco-feedback technology? To help answer these questions, this paper conducts a comparative survey of eco-feedback technology, including 89 papers from environmental psychology and 44 papers from the HCI and UbiComp literature. We also provide an overview of predominant models of proenvironmental behaviors and a summary of key motivation techniques to promote this behavior. Human Factors CHI Design hci history James A. Landay motivation feedback survey University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Leah Findlater Jon Froehlich survey reflective HCI 2010 eco-feedback environmental hci CHI10-231 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Mobile taskflow in context: a screenshot study of smartphone usage. The impact of interruptions on workflow and productivity has been extensively studied in the PC domain, but while fragmented user attention is recognized as an inherent aspect of mobile phone usage, little formal evidence exists of its effect on mobile productivity. Using a survey and a screenshot-based diary study we investigated the types of barriers people face when performing tasks on their mobile phones, the ways they follow up with such suspended tasks, and how frustrating the experience of task disruption is for mobile users. From 386 situated samples provided by 12 iPhone and 12 Pocket PC users, we distill a classification of barriers to the completion of mobile tasks. Our data suggest that moving to a PC to complete a phone task is common, yet not inherently problematic, depending on the task. Finally, we relate our findings to prior design guidelines for desktop workflow, and discuss how the guidelines can be extended to mitigate disruptions to mobile taskflow. Human Factors CHI Experimentation Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA context mobile attention interruption Measurement survey Brian R. Meyers Gonzalo Ramos mobile phones Amy K. Karlson classification diary study diary study Shamsi T. Iqbal John C. Tang 2010 Kathy Lee Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA Microsoft Research, Mountain View, CA, USA cross-device tasks mobile taskflow CHI10-232 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems An adaptive speed-call list algorithm and its evaluation with ESM. We designed an algorithm to build a speed-call list adaptively based on mobile phone call logs. Call logs provide the time-dependent calling patterns of mobile phone users, and therefore a speed-call list based on them will be more successful in recommending a desired number than a speed-call list based on recent calls only. This paper presents the design process of our algorithm for an adaptive speed-call list, its verification result with recorded call logs, and in-situ evaluation results of the algorithm using an Experience Sampling Method (ESM) system. CHI Verification Experimentation Performance Algorithms mobile design process experience-sampling method mobile phones experience sampling Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea 2010 Seunghwan Lee Jungsuk Seo Geehyuk Lee adaptive speed-call list call recommendation calling pattern CHI10-233 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Evaluation of text entry methods for Korean mobile phones, a user study. This paper reports the results of a user study designed to evaluate text entry methods for mobile phones used in Korea. At present the keypad layout for Korean mobile phones has not been standardized and different manufacturers produce phones with different layouts. Included in the evaluation are three of the dominant text entry methods: Chon-ji-in, EZ-Hangul, and SKY. The metrics used in the analysis are key strokes per character, words per minute, and total error rate. The results suggest that SKY offers a good balance between speed, effort, and accuracy. The paper also introduces a phrase set that has high correlation with the Korean language and could be used in other experiments on Korean text entry methods. CHI user study Performance evaluation mobile language text entry mobile phones mobile phones 2010 Ivaylo Ilinkin Sunghee Kim Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA hangul korean text entry CHI10-234 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Pensieve: supporting everyday reminiscence. Reminiscing is a valuable activity that people of all ages spontaneously and informally partake in as part of their everyday lives. This paper discusses the design and use of Pensieve, a system that supports everyday reminiscence by emailing memory triggers to people that contain either social media content they previously created on third-party websites or text prompts about common life experiences. We discuss how the literature on reminiscence informed Pensieve's design, then analyze data from 91 users over five months. We find that people value spontaneous reminders to reminisce as well as the ability to write about their reminiscing. Shorter, more general triggers draw more responses, as do triggers containing people's own photos-although responses to photos tended to contain more metadata elements than storytelling elements. We compare these results to data from a second, Pensieve-like system developed for Facebook, and suggest a number of important aspects to consider for both designers and researchers around technology and reminiscence. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation storytelling memory social media Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Dan Cosley autobiographical memory facebook social media 2010 S. Tejaswi Peesapati Victoria Schwanda Johnathon Schultz Matt Lepage So-yae Jeong episodic memory reminiscence CHI10-235 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Involving reflective users in design. We draw on the idea of the reflective practitioner to consider how end users can directly contribute to user experience design discussions in open source projects. People with expertise in their own use context but without programming or user experience analysis and design skills can provide reflections on personal experiences. Human Factors CHI University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA programming context user experience user experience Paula M. Bach Michael Twidale 2010 floss reflective practitioner CHI10-236 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing games for learning: insights from conversations with designers. This paper presents insights about design practices that can lead to effective and fun games for learning, gleaned from interviews with experienced game developers. We based our approach on Schön's notion of practitioners evolving shared 'appreciation systems' for discussing and critiquing work, and aimed to gather and share some of game designers' 'appreciation system' for games and learning. The resulting insights provide valuable pointers to other designers in the CHI community crafting game-like experiences. Human Factors CHI Design learning conversation games interviews Katherine Isbister community Mary Flanagan game design 2010 New York University, New York, NY, USA Chelsea Hash Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA appreciation system design patterns design practice games and education games for learning CHI10-237 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Now let me see where i was: understanding how lifelogs mediate memory. Lifelogging technologies can capture both mundane and important experiences in our daily lives, resulting in a rich record of the places we visit and the things we see. This study moves beyond technology demonstrations, in aiming to better understand how and why different types of Lifelogs aid memory. Previous work has demonstrated that Lifelogs can aid recall, but that they do many other things too. They can help us look back at the past in new ways, or to reconstruct what we did in our lives, even if we don't recall exact details. Here we extend the notion of Lifelogging to include locational information. We augment streams of Lifelog images with geographic data to examine how different types of data (visual or locational) might affect memory. Our results show that visual cues promote detailed memories (akin to recollection). In contrast locational information supports inferential processes -- allowing participants to reconstruct habits in their behaviour. Human Factors CHI Experimentation affect IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA memory Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom GPS David Kirk Steve Whittaker Abigail Sellen memory SenseCam The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom lifelogging Vaiva Kalnikaite remembering psychology 2010 geo-visual lifelogging wearable data capture CHI10-238 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The prayer companion: openness and specificity, materiality and spirituality. In this paper we describe the Prayer Companion, a device we developed as a resource for the spiritual activity of a group of cloistered nuns. The device displays a stream of information sourced from RSS news feeds and social networking sites to suggest possible topics for prayers. The nuns have engaged with the device enthusiastically over the first ten months of an ongoing deployment, and, notwithstanding some initial irritation with the balance of content, report that it plays a significant and continuing role in their prayer life. We discuss how we balanced specificity in the design with a degree of openness for interpretation to create a resource that the nuns could both understand and appropriate, describe the importance of materiality to the device's successful adoption, consider its implications as a design for older people, and reflect on the example it provides of how computation may serve spirituality. CHI Design William Gaver interaction design John Bowers Goldsmiths College, University of London, London, United Kingdom Andy Boucher Nadine Jarvis social networking University of York, York, United Kingdom Mark Blythe Peter Wright older people materiality research through design 2010 Sheffield Hallum University, Sheffield, United Kingdom interpretability spirituality CHI10-239 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems What's your idea? a case study of a grassroots innovation pipeline within a large software company. Establishing a grassroots innovation pipeline has come to the fore as strategy for nurturing innovation within large organizations. A key element of such pipelines is the use of an idea management system that enables and encourages community ideation on defined business problems. The value of these systems can be highly sensitive to design choices, as different designs may influence participation. We report the results of a case study examining the use of one particular idea management system and pipeline. We analyzed the content, interaction, and participation from three creativity challenges organized via the pipeline and conducted interviews with users to uncover motivations for participating and perceptions of the outcomes. Additional interviews were conducted with senior managers to learn about the objectives, successes, and unique nature of the pipeline. From the results, we formulate recommendations for improving the design of idea management systems and execution of the pipelines within organizations. Human Factors CHI Design Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA motivation Eric Horvitz creativity interviews Brian P. Bailey community creativity 2010 organizations idea management innovation CHI10-240 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Asl-stem forum: enabling sign language to grow through online collaboration. American Sign Language (ASL) currently lacks agreed-upon signs for complex terms in scientific fields, causing deaf students to miss or misunderstand course material. Furthermore, the same term or concept may have multiple signs, resulting in inconsistent standards and strained collaboration. The ASL-STEM Forum is an online, collaborative, video forum for sharing ASL signs and discussing them. An initial user study of the Forum has shown its viability and revealed lessons in accommodating varying user types, from lurkers to advanced contributors, until critical mass is achieved. Human Factors CHI Design user study sharing video collaboration language University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Anna C. Cavender Jeffrey P. Bigham video deaf 2010 Daniel S. Otero Richard E. Ladner University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA american sign language forum stem CHI10-241 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Curator: a game with a purpose for collection recommendation. Collection recommender systems suggest groups of items that work well as a whole. The interaction effects between items is an important consideration, but the vast space of possible collections makes it difficult to analyze. In this paper, we present a class of games with a purpose for building collections where users create collections and, using an output agreement model, they are awarded points based on the collections that match. The data from these games will help researchers develop guidelines for collection recommender systems among other applications. We conducted a pilot study of the game prototype which indicated that it was fun and challenging for users, and that the data obtained had the characteristics necessary to gain insights into the interaction effects among items. We present the game and these results followed by a discussion of the next steps necessary to bring games to bear on the problem of creating harmonious groups. Human Factors CHI Design games University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA recommender systems recommender systems Jennifer Golbeck human computation games with a purpose 2010 Greg Walsh serious games CHI10-242 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Modeling dwell-based eye pointing target acquisition. We propose a quantitative model for dwell-based eye pointing tasks. Using the concepts of information theory to analogize eye pointing, we define an index of difficulty (IDeye) for the corresponding tasks in a similar manner to the definition that Fitts made for hand pointing. According to our validations in different situations, IDeye, which takes account of the distinct characteristics of rapid saccades and involuntary eye jitters, can accurately and meaningfully describe eye pointing tasks. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first successful attempt to model eye gaze interactions. Human Factors CHI theory Experimentation Fitts' law target acquisition pointing gaze Measurement Xiangshi Ren Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan modeling eye pointing Peking University, Beijing, China Xinyong Zhang Hongbin Zha 2010 Renmin University of China; Peking University, Beijing, China information theory CHI10-243 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Gazemarks: gaze-based visual placeholders to ease attention switching. Many tasks require attention switching. For example, searching for information on one sheet of paper and then entering this information onto another one. With paper we see that people use fingers or objects as placeholders. Using these simple aids, the process of switching attention between displays can be simplified and speeded up. With large or multiple visual displays we have many tasks where both attention areas are on the screen and where using a finger as a placeholder is not suitable. One way users deal with this is to use the mouse and highlight their current focus. However, this also has its limitations -- in particular in environments where there is no pointing device. Our approach is to utilize the user's gaze position to provide a visual placeholder. The last area where a user fixated on the screen (before moving their attention away) is highlighted; we call this visual reminder a Gazemark. Gazemarks ease orientation and the resumption of the interrupted task when coming back to this display. In this paper we report on a study where the effectiveness of using Gazemarks was investigated, in particular we show how they can ease attention switching. Our results show faster completion times for a resumed simple visual search task when using this technique. The paper analyzes relevant parameters for the implementation of Gazemarks and discusses some further application areas for this approach. Human Factors CHI Experimentation search pointing visual search attention gaze Paul Marshall Albrecht Schmidt 2010 Dagmar Kern Pervasive Computing and User Interface Engineering Group, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany Pervasive Interaction Lab, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom attention switching eye-gaze interaction gazemarks CHI10-244 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Knowing where and when to look in a time-critical multimodal dual task. Human-computer systems intended for time-critical multitasking need to be designed with an understanding of how humans can coordinate and interleave perceptual, memory, and motor processes. This paper presents human performance data for a highly-practiced time-critical dual task. In the first of the two interleaved tasks, participants tracked a target with a joystick. In the second, participants keyed-in responses to objects moving across a radar display. Task manipulations include the peripheral visibility of the secondary display (visible or not) and the presence or absence of auditory cues to assist with the radar task. Eye movement analyses reveal extensive coordination and overlapping of human information processes and the extent to which task manipulations helped or hindered dual task performance. For example, auditory cues helped only a little when the secondary display was peripherally visible, but they helped a lot when it was not peripherally visible. Human Factors CHI multimodal Experimentation presence Anthony J. Hornof eye tracking eye movements University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA Measurement coordination multimodal memory multitasking multitasking Tim Halverson cognitive strategies visual displays 2010 Yunfeng Zhang auditory displays CHI10-245 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Towards customizable games for stroke rehabilitation. Stroke is the leading cause of long term disability among adults in industrialized nations. The partial paralysis that stroke patients often experience can make independent living difficult or impossible. Research suggests that many of these patients could recover by performing hundreds of daily repetitions of motions with their affected limbs. Yet, only 31% of patients perform the exercises recommended by their therapists. Home-based stroke rehabilitation games may help motivate stroke patients to perform the necessary exercises to recover. In this paper, we describe a formative study in which we designed and user tested stroke rehabilitation games with both stroke patients and therapists. We describe the lessons we learned about what makes games useful from a therapeutic point of view. Human Factors CHI Design games design home video games University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Caitlin Kelleher 2010 Gazihan Alankus Amanda Lazar Matt May Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA stroke rehabilitation CHI10-246 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing patient-centric information displays for hospitals. Electronic medical records are increasingly comprehensive, and this vast repository of information has already contri-buted to medical efficiency and hospital procedure. However, this information is not typically accessible to patients, who are frequently under-informed and unclear about their own hospital courses. In this paper, we propose a design for in-room, patient-centric information displays, based on iterative design with physicians. We use this as the basis for a Wizard-of-Oz study in an emergency department, to assess patient and provider responses to in-room information displays. 18 patients were presented with real-time information displays based on their medical records. Semi-structured interviews with patients, family members, and hospital staff reveal that subjective response to in-room displays was overwhelmingly positive, and through these interviews we elicited guidelines regarding specific information types, privacy, use cases, and information presentation techniques. We describe these findings, and we discuss the feasibility of a fully-automatic implementation of our design. Human Factors CHI Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA privacy interviews families University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Desney S. Tan Dan Morris wizard-of-oz 2010 Lauren Wilcox Justin Gatewood Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA electronic medical records patient awareness CHI10-247 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Supporting sandtray therapy on an interactive tabletop. We present the iterative design of a virtual sandtray application for a tabletop display. The purpose of our prototype is to support sandtray therapy, a form of art therapy typically used for younger clients. A significant aspect of this therapy is the insight gained by the therapist as they observe the client interact with the figurines they use to create a scene in the sandtray. In this manner, the therapist can gain increased understanding of the client's psyche. We worked with three sandtray therapists throughout the evolution of our prototype. We describe the details of the three phases of this design process: initial face-to-face meetings, iterative design and development via distance collaboration, and a final face-to-face feedback session. This process revealed that our prototype was sufficient for therapists to gain insight about a person's psyche through their interactions with the virtual sandtray. Human Factors CHI Design children cooperative design design process collaboration feedback tabletop University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Sheelagh Carpendale University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands surfaces multi-touch tabletop displays Mark Hancock therapy 2010 Thomas ten Cate Tobias Isenberg sandtray sticky tools CHI10-248 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems MAGIC: a motion gesture design tool. Devices capable of gestural interaction through motion sensing are increasingly becoming available to consumers; however, motion gesture control has yet to appear outside of game consoles. Interaction designers are frequently not expert in pattern recognition, which may be one reason for this lack of availability. Another issue is how to effectively test gestures to ensure that they are not unintentionally activated by a user's normal movements during everyday usage. We present MAGIC, a gesture design tool that addresses both of these issues, and detail the results of an evaluation. Human Factors CHI Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA sensing gestures gestures Thad Starner Daniel Ashbrook 2010 Nokia Research Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA CHI10-249 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Protractor: a fast and accurate gesture recognizer. Protractor is a novel gesture recognizer that can be easily implemented and quickly customized for different users. Protractor uses a nearest neighbor approach, which recognizes an unknown gesture based on its similarity to each of the known gestures, e.g., training samples or examples given by a user. In particular, it employs a novel method to measure the similarity between gestures, by calculating a minimum angular distance between them with a closed-form solution. As a result, Protractor is more accurate, naturally covers more gesture variation, runs significantly faster and uses much less memory than its peers. This makes Protractor suitable for mobile computing, which is limited in processing power and memory. An evaluation on both a previously published gesture data set and a newly collected gesture data set indicates that Protractor outperforms its peers in many aspects. CHI Performance Algorithms mobile gestures memory Google, Mountain View, CA, USA gesture recognition mobile computing Yang Li gesture-based interaction 2010 nearest neighbor approach template-based approach CHI10-250 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems GesText: accelerometer-based gestural text-entry systems. Accelerometers are common on many devices, including those required for text-entry. We investigate how to enter text with devices that are solely enabled with accelerometers. The challenge of text-entry with such devices can be overcome by the careful investigation of the human limitations in gestural movements with accelerometers. Preliminary studies provide insight into two potential text-entry designs that purely use accelerometers for gesture recognition. In two experiments, we evaluate the effectiveness of each of the text-entry designs. The first experiment involves novice users over a 45 minute period while the second investigates the possible performance increases over a four day period. Our results reveal that a matrix-based text-entry system with a small set of simple gestures is the most efficient (5.4wpm) and subjectively preferred by participants. Human Factors CHI experiment gestures text entry text entry University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Sriram Subramanian Pourang Irani University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MAN, Canada Jason Alexander gesture recognition gesture input accelerometer 2010 Eleanor Jones Andreas Andreou mid-air CHI10-251 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Predicting Chinese text entry speeds on mobile phones. Chinese text entry on mobile phones is critical considering the large number of Chinese speakers worldwide and as a key task in many core applications. But there is still a lack of both empirical data and predictive models that explore the pattern of user behavior in the process. We propose a model to predict user performance with two types of Chinese pinyin input methods on mobile phones. The model integrates a language model (digraph probability) with Fitts' law for key presses, a keystroke-level model for navigation, and a linear model for visual search in pinyin marks and Chinese characters. We tested the model by comparing its predictions with the empirical measures. The predictions are satisfactory and the percentage differences are all within 4% of the empirical results, suggesting that the model can be used to evaluate user performance of Chinese pinyin text entry solutions on mobile phones. CHI Theory input Performance search navigation mobile visual search language University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland text entry text entry mobile mobile phones fitts' law Kari-Jouko Räihä performance model 2010 Ying Liu Nokia Research Center, Beijing, China chinese speed CHI10-252 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Chinese online communities: balancing managementcontrol and individual autonomy. Existing studies of online social communities mainly focus on communities in the United States. Since Chinese social beliefs and behaviors largely differ from that of Americans, we hypothesize that Chinese online communities also greatly differ from their U.S. counterparts. In particular, we believe that Chinese online communities must balance management control and individual autonomy to accommodate both Chinese tradition and the social nature of online societies. In this paper, we present three studies to test our hypothesis. First, we use a structured observation (Study I) to examine community governance practices of 32 Chinese and American social sites. Based on the identified community governance practices, we use a cross-cultural survey of 208 Chinese and Americans (Study II) to learn about their behavior and attitude toward these practices. Finally, we interview 38 Chinese users (Study III) to help us further understand how Chinese online communities balance the needs of management and users. Not only do the studies confirm our hypothesis, but they also help us abstract two key design implications of social software to meet the needs of Chinese. Human Factors CHI interviews IBM Research - China, Beijing, China Yingxin Pan community survey social software online communities online communities social software China 2010 Michelle X. Zhou Qinying Liao Fei Ma community management online governance CHI10-253 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems How socio-economic structure influences rural users' acceptance of mobile entertainment. Mobile entertainment services are rapidly and widely developing. However, in emerging markets like Chinese rural area, entertainment related services are still not fully accepted by mobile phone users. This primary research aimed to study Chinese rural people's acceptance for mobile entertainment, to provide comprehensive models, and to explain the problem from its socio-economic roots. Interview and survey data were collected. Using explorative factor analysis method, two mobile entertainment acceptance models were built: one for rural people in North China and the other in East China. The models show that "social influence" is the most influential factor for north rural users while users' "self efficacy" carries the largest weight in East China. Both factors are more important than "product and service quality". The socio-economic roots of the results were analyzed from the differences between the traditional interdependent society in North China and the more independent society in East China. It primarily reveals the possibility to predict users' technology acceptance with socio-economic variables. Implications for mobile entertainment design were discussed. Human Factors CHI mobile interviews survey mobile phones Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 2010 Ying Liu Nokia Research Center, Beijing, China Jun Liu Pei-Luen Patrick Rau Hui Li Xia Wang Dingjun Li chinese rural people explorative factor analysis mobile entertainment socio-economic structure technology acceptance CHI10-254 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Multi-touch techniques for exploring large-scale 3D astrophysical simulations. Enabling efficient exploration of large-scale virtual environments such as those simulating astrophysical environments is highly challenging. Astrophysical virtual worlds span exceptionally large spatial scales occupied mostly by empty space, and this makes it difficult for the user to comprehend the spatial context during exploratory navigation. Public exhibits, where novice users have little experience using complicated virtual navigation interfaces, pose additional challenges. To address these issues, we propose multi-touch techniques to deliver an effective interface to navigate the unique features of large-scale 3D environments such as astrophysical simulations. In this work, we carefully study conventional multi-touch methods and adapt them to the practical requirements of this application. A novel technique called the powers-of-ten ladder is introduced to support efficient movement across huge spatial scales using multi-touch interactions. We also investigate user experiences with various multi-touch finger gestures on our prototype digital planetarium. Human Factors CHI Design virtual environments navigation touch context virtual worlds 3d gestures multi-touch 2010 Chi-Wing Fu Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore multi-touch interaction Wooi-Boon Goh Junxiang Allen Ng astronomy large spatial scale navigation control CHI10-255 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Graspables revisited: multi-touch vs. tangible input for tabletop displays in acquisition and manipulation tasks. We present an experimental comparison of multi-touch and tangible user interfaces for basic interface actions. Twelve participants completed manipulation and acquisition tasks on an interactive surface in each of three conditions: tangible user interface; multi-touch; and mouse and puck. We found that interface control objects in the tangible condition were easiest to acquire and, once acquired, were easier/more accurate to manipulate. Further qualitative analysis suggested that in the evaluated tasks tangibles offer greater adaptability of control and specifically highlighted a problem of exit error that can undermine fine-grained control in multi-touch interactions. We discuss the implications of these findings for interface design. Human Factors CHI input user interfaces tangible Experimentation interface design touch interactive surface TUI tabletop University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom Philip Tuddenham Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom David Kirk tangible Shahram Izadi interactive surface multi-touch tangible user interface multi-touch input 2010 CHI10-256 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The design and evaluation of multitouch marking menus. Despite the considerable quantity of research directed towards multitouch technologies, a set of standardized UI components have not been developed. Menu systems provide a particular challenge, as traditional GUI menus require a level of pointing precision inappropriate for direct finger input. Marking menus are a promising alternative, but have yet to be investigated or adapted for use within multitouch systems. In this paper, we first investigate the human capabilities for performing directional chording gestures, to assess the feasibility of multitouch marking menus. Based on the positive results collected from this study, and in particular, high angular accuracy, we discuss our new multitouch marking menu design, which can increase the number of items in a menu, and eliminate a level of depth. A second experiment showed that multitouch marking menus perform significantly faster than traditional hierarchal marking menus, reducing acquisition times in both novice and expert usage modalities. Human Factors CHI Design input Experimentation experiment pointing graphical user interfaces gestures George Fitzmaurice marking menus marking menus multi-touch Tovi Grossman Autodesk Research, Toronto, ON, Canada multi-finger input multi-touch displays 2010 G. Julian Lepinski CHI10-257 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Multi-lifespan information system design: a research initiative for the hci community. This CHI Note proposes a new research initiative for the HCI community: multi-lifespan information system design. The central idea begins with the identification of categories of problems that are unlikely to be solved within a single human lifespan. Three such categories are proposed: limitations of the human psyche, limitations of the structure of society, and slower moving natural time-scales. We then examine possible opportunities and roles for information systems to help construct longer-term solutions to such problems and, in turn, identify key challenges for such systems. Finally, we conclude by discussing significant real world problems that would benefit from a multi-lifespan design approach and point to open questions. This CHI Note's key contribution entails the articulation of a promising new research initiative for the HCI community. Human Factors CHI Design Theory hci community design approaches University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Security University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Batya Friedman 2010 Lisa P. Nathan multi-lifespan information system design research initiative CHI10-258 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing interactivity in media interfaces: a communications perspective. Interactivity has become ubiquitous in the digital media landscape. Numerous interactive tools are designed, tested, deployed and evaluated. Yet, we do not have generalizable knowledge about the larger concept of interactivity and its psychological impact on user experience. As a first step toward a theory of interface interactivity, this paper identifies three species of interactivity corresponding to three central elements of communication - source, medium, and message. Interactivity situated in any of these three loci of communication can provide cues and affordances that operate either individually or together to capture users' attention and determine the nature and depth of their processing of online content as well as contribute to their perceptions, attitudes and behavioral intentions. This paper discusses psychological mechanisms by which the three classes of interactivity tools affect users, with the specific purpose of drawing out design implications and outlining UI challenges for strategic development of interactive interfaces. Human Factors CHI Theory theory Performance affect communication attention user experience customization interactivity Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA 2010 S. Shyam Sundar Qian Xu Saraswathi Bellur modality online sources perceptual bandwidth user enagement CHI10-259 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing with interactive example galleries. Designers often use examples for inspiration; examples offer contextualized instances of how form and content integrate. Can interactive example galleries bring this practice to everyday users doing design work, and does working with examples help the designs they create? This paper explores whether people can realize significant value from explicit mechanisms for designing by example modification. We present the results of three studies, finding that independent raters prefer designs created with the aid of examples, that examples may benefit novices more than experienced designers, that users prefer adaptively selected examples to random ones, and that users make use of multiple examples when creating new designs. To enable these studies and demonstrate how software tools can facilitate designing with examples, we introduce interface techniques for browsing and borrowing from a corpus of examples, manifest in the Adaptive Ideas Web design tool. Adaptive Ideas leverages a faceted metadata interface for viewing and navigating example galleries. CHI Design Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA browsing Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Scott R. Klemmer examples Brian Lee web design design thinking 2010 Savil Srivastava Ranjitha Kumar Ronen Brafman Palantir Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel CHI10-260 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Worlds of information: designing for engagement at a public multi-touch display. In designing for engagement at a public multi-touch installation, we identified supporting multiple users and allowing for gradual discovery as challenges. In this paper, we present Worlds of Information, a multi-touch application featuring 3D Worlds, which provide access to different content. These 3D widgets gradually unfold and allow for temporal navigation of multimedia in parallel, while also providing a 2D plane where media can be shared. We report on a field trial at an exhibition using questionnaires and video ethnography. We studied engagement through questions adapted from Flow, Presence and Intrinsic Motivation questionnaires, which showed that users, overall, had a positive and social experience with the installation. The worlds effectively invited multiple users and provided for parallel interaction. While functionality was discovered gradually through social learning, the study demonstrates the challenges of designing multi-touch applications for walk-up-and-use displays. Human Factors CHI Design learning Experimentation multimedia navigation touch presence video motivation 3d field trial field trial Giulio Jacucci Peter Peltonen Ann Morrison multi-touch ethnography public displays Toni Laitinen 2010 multi-touch interfaces Gabriela T. Richard Jari Kleimola Lorenza Parisi Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland New York University, New York, NY, USA Sapienza Università di Roma, Rom, Italy 3d multi-touch design for engagement parallel interaction CHI10-261 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing urban media façades: cases and challenges. Media façades comprise a category of urban computing concerned with the integration of displays into the built environment, including buildings and street furniture. This paper identifies and discusses eight challenges faced when designing urban media façades. The challenges concern a broad range of issues: interfaces, physical integration, robustness, content, stakeholders, situation, social relations, and emerging use. The challenges reflect the fact that the urban setting as a domain for interaction design is characterized by a number of circumstances and socio-cultural practices that differ from those of other domains. In order to exemplify the challenges and discuss how they may be addressed, we draw on our experiences from five experimental design cases, ranging from a 180 m2 interactive building façade to displays integrated into bus shelters. CHI Design Experimentation interaction design interaction design University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark urban computing urban public space 2010 Peter Dalsgaard Kim Halskov media facades CHI10-262 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Touch projector: mobile interaction through video. In 1992, Tani et al. proposed remotely operating machines in a factory by manipulating a live video image on a computer screen. In this paper we revisit this metaphor and investigate its suitability for mobile use. We present Touch Projector, a system that enables users to interact with remote screens through a live video image on their mobile device. The handheld device tracks itself with respect to the surrounding displays. Touch on the video image is "projected" onto the target display in view, as if it had occurred there. This literal adaptation of Tani's idea, however, fails because handheld video does not offer enough stability and control to enable precise manipulation. We address this with a series of improvements, including zooming and freezing the video image. In a user study, participants selected targets and dragged targets between displays using the literal and three improved versions. We found that participants achieved highest performance with automatic zooming and temporary image freezing. Human Factors CHI Design Verification user study Experimentation touch input devices mobile augmented reality video interaction techniques mobile devices Sean Gustafson mobile devices Patrick Baudisch Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany handheld zooming multi-display environments University of Munich, Munich, Germany multi-touch handheld devices mobile interaction 2010 Sebastian Boring Dominikus Baur Andreas Butz CHI10-263 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems High accuracy position and orientation detection in two-dimensional communication network. In this paper we describe a method of high accuracy device position and orientation detection for HCI environments. Our position and orientation detection is an additional function to the Two-Dimensional Communication technology, which enables devices placed on a thin sheet to achieve two key functions for ubiquitous computing, to communicate one another and to receive electricity through the sheet wirelessly. This paper discusses the method developed to specify the positions and orientation of devices placed on the sheet. It evaluates the accuracy of obtained position and orientation through an experiment using a prototype of our positioning sensor. CHI hci Experimentation communication experiment ubiquitous computing ubiquitous computing The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 2010 Kei Nakatsuma Hiroyuki Shinoda capacitance sensing device localization surface-like device two-dimensional communication (2dc) CHI10-264 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Rethinking RFID: awareness and control for interaction with RFID systems. People now routinely carry radio frequency identification (RFID) tags - in passports, driver's licenses, credit cards, and other identifying cards - from which nearby RFID readers can access privacy-sensitive information. The problem is that people are often unaware of security and privacy risks associated with RFID, likely because the technology remains largely invisible and uncontrollable for the individual. To mitigate this problem, we introduce a collection of novel yet simple and inexpensive tag designs. Our tags provide reader awareness, where people get visual, audible, or tactile feedback as tags come into the range of RFID readers. Our tags also provide information control, where people can allow or disallow access to the information stored on the tag by how they touch, orient, move, press or illuminate the tag. Human Factors CHI awareness touch awareness tactile feedback privacy tactile feedback Alex S. Taylor Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom privacy University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Security security sensors Saul Greenberg feedback control Nicolas Villar RFID 2010 Nicolai Marquardt CHI10-265 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems SensorTune: a mobile auditory interface for DIY wireless sensor networks. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) allow the monitoring of activity or environmental conditions over a large area, from homes to industrial plants, from agriculture fields to forests and glaciers. They can support a variety of applications, from assisted living to natural disaster prevention. WSNs can, however, be challenging to setup and maintain, reducing the potential for real-world adoption. To address this limitation, this paper introduces SensorTune, a novel mobile interface to support non-expert users in iteratively setting up a WSN. SensorTune uses non-speech audio to present to its users information regarding the connectivity of the network they are setting up, allowing them to decide how to extend it. To simplify the interpretation of the data presented, the system adopts the metaphor of tuning a consumer analog radio, a very common and well known operation. A user study was conducted in which 20 subjects setup real multi-hop networks inside a large building using a limited number of wireless nodes. Subjects repeated the task with SensorTune and with a comparable mobile GUI interface. Experimental results show a statistically significant difference in the task completion time and a clear preference of users for the auditory interface. Human Factors CHI speech user study audio graphical user interfaces mobile user study Enrico Costanza mobile HCI Jeffrey Huang 2010 Jacques Panchard Guillaume Zufferey Julien Nembrini Julien Freudiger Jean-Pierre Hubaux Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland network deployment sonification wireless sensor network CHI10-266 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems API usability peer reviews: a method for evaluating the usability of application programming interfaces. We describe a usability inspection method to evaluate Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). We found the method useful as it identified usability defects in Microsoft's .NET Framework, of which 59% were new and 21% were fixed. Based on a comparison of usability defects identified between API usability peer reviews and API usability tests, API usability tests were found to expose design issues related to actually using an API whereas API usability peer reviews were found to expose the design rationale of an API. We reflect on the efficiency and productivity of each method: each API usability test is equivalent to 16 API usability peer reviews with the former having a 2.5x productivity advantage. We discuss how API usability peer reviews can be used in conjunction with API usability tests to increase usability coverage on APIs. Human Factors CHI Design usability Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA programming usability inspection usability inspection usability evaluation method (uem) 2010 Umer Farooq Leon Welicki Dieter Zirkler api usability software bugs usability breakdowns CHI10-267 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Understanding usability practices in complex domains. Although usability methods are widely used for evaluating conventional graphical user interfaces and websites, there is a growing concern that current approaches are inadequate for evaluating complex, domain-specific tools. We interviewed 21 experienced usability professionals, including in-house experts, external consultants, and managers working in a variety of complex domains, and uncovered the challenges commonly posed by domain complexity and how practitioners work around them. We found that despite the best efforts by usability professionals to get familiar with complex domains on their own, the lack of formal domain expertise can be a significant hurdle for carrying out effective usability evaluations. Partnerships with domain experts lead to effective results as long as domain experts are willing to be an integral part of the usability team. These findings suggest that for achieving usability in complex domains, some fundamental educational changes may be needed in the training of usability professionals. Human Factors CHI Design user interfaces usability graphical user interfaces University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA usability testing and evaluation Andrew J. Ko Jacob O. Wobbrock usability research 2010 Parmit K. Chilana collaboration models complex domains CHI10-268 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Average task times in usability tests: what to report? The distribution of task time data in usability studies is positively skewed. Practitioners who are aware of this positive skew tend to report the sample median. Monte Carlo simulations using data from 61 large-sample usability tasks showed that the sample median is a biased estimate of the population median. Using the geometric mean to estimate the center of the population will, on average, have 13% less error and 22% less bias than the sample median. Other estimates of the population center (trimmed, harmonic and Winsorized means) had worse performance than the sample median. Human Factors CHI Experimentation usability Measurement Jeff Sauro James R. Lewis IBM Software Group, Boca Raton, FL, USA usability evaluation Monte Carlo simulation 2010 Oracle Corporation, Measuring Usability LLC, Denver, CO, USA geometric mean median task times CHI10-269 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing a technological playground: a field study of the emergence of play in household messaging. We present findings from a field study of Wayve, a situated messaging device for the home that incorporates handwriting and photography. Wayve was used by 24 households (some of whom were existing social networks of family and friends) over a three-month period. We consider the various types of playfulness that emerged during the study, both through the sending of Wayve messages and through the local display of photos and notes. The findings are explored in the context of the literature on play, with the aim of identifying aspects of Wayve's design, as well as the context in which it was used, that engendered playfulness. We also highlight the role of play in social relationships, before concluding with design implications. Human Factors CHI Design context communication home field study games social networks Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom situated displays families families Abigail Sellen Richard Harper Siân E. Lindley messaging friendship play photography 2010 scribble CHI10-270 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The family window: the design and evaluation of a domestic media space. Families have a strong need to connect with their loved ones over distance. However, most technologies do not provide the same feelings of connectedness that one feels from seeing remote family members. Hence our goal was to understand if a video connection, in the form of a media space, could help families feel more connected and what design factors would be critical for its success. To answer this, we designed a video media space called the Family Window and deployed it within the homes of two families for eight months and four families for five weeks. Our results show that always-on video can lead to an increase in feelings of connectedness by providing availability awareness and opportunities for sharing everyday life. However usage and value of such media spaces hinges on close-knit relationships and control over one's autonomy. Human Factors CHI Design awareness media space sharing Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA video awareness media space families families Carman Neustaedter Kodak Research Labs, Rochester, NY, USA video domestic 2010 Tejinder K. Judge Andrew F. Kurtz CHI10-271 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems FM radio: family interplay with sonic mementos. Digital mementos are increasingly problematic, as people acquire large amounts of digital belongings that are hard to access and often forgotten. Based on fieldwork with 10 families, we designed a new type of embodied digital memento, the FM Radio. It allows families to access and play sonic mementos of their previous holidays. We describe our underlying design motivation where recordings are presented as a series of channels on an old fashioned radio. User feedback suggests that the device met our design goals: being playful and intriguing, easy to use and social. It facilitated family interaction, and allowed ready access to mementos, thus sharing many of the properties of physical mementos that we intended to trigger. CHI Design sharing motivation narrative feedback audio tangible interaction Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom families Steve Whittaker Daniela Petrelli University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom memory Nicolas Villar Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Vaiva Kalnikaite 2010 Lina Dib mementos CHI10-272 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Think-aloud protocols: a comparison of three think-aloud protocols for use in testing data-dissemination web sites for usability. We describe an empirical, between-subjects study on the use of think-aloud protocols in usability testing of a federal data-dissemination Web site. This double-blind study used three different types of think-aloud protocols: a traditional protocol, a speech-communication protocol, and a coaching protocol. A silent condition served as the control. Eighty participants were recruited and randomly pre-assigned to one of four conditions. Accuracy and efficiency measures were collected, and participants rated their subjective satisfaction with the site. Results show that accuracy is significantly higher in the coaching condition than in the other conditions. The traditional protocol and the speech-communication protocol are not statistically different from each other with regard to accuracy. Participants in the coaching condition are more satisfied with the Web site than participants in the traditional or speech-communication condition. In addition, there are no significant differences with respect to efficiency (time-on-task). This paper concludes with recommendations for usability practitioners. Human Factors CHI speech usability usability testing communication experimental design usability testing user-centered design think-aloud user testing verbalization 2010 Erica L. Olmsted-Hawala Elizabeth D. Murphy Sam Hawala Kathleen T. Ashenfelter U.S. Census Bureau, Wasthington DC, DC, USA U.S. Census Bureau, Washington DC, DC, USA CHI10-273 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Powerful and consistent analysis of likert-type ratingscales. Likert-type scales are used extensively during usability evaluations, and more generally evaluations of interactive experiences, to obtain quantified data regarding attitudes, behaviors, and judgments of participants. Very often this data is analyzed using parametric statistics like the Student t-test or ANOVAs. These methods are chosen to ensure higher statistical power of the test (which is necessary in this field of research and practice where sample sizes are often small), or because of the lack of software to handle multi-factorial designs nonparametrically. With this paper we present to the HCI audience new developments from the field of medical statistics that enable analyzing multiple factor designs nonparametrically. We demonstrate the necessity of this approach by showing the errors in the parametric treatment of nonparametric data in experiments of the size typically reported in HCI research. We also provide a practical resource for researchers and practitioners who wish to use these new methods. CHI hci Experimentation usability Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Measurement Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands Panos Markopoulos Clifford Nass usability evaluation 2010 Maurits Clemens Kaptein nonparametric statistics researchmethods CHI10-274 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Measuring the user experience on a large scale: user-centered metrics for web applications. More and more products and services are being deployed on the web, and this presents new challenges and opportunities for measurement of user experience on a large scale. There is a strong need for user-centered metrics for web applications, which can be used to measure progress towards key goals, and drive product decisions. In this note, we describe the HEART framework for user-centered metrics, as well as a process for mapping product goals to metrics. We include practical examples of how HEART metrics have helped product teams make decisions that are both data-driven and user-centered. The framework and process have generalized to enough of our company's own products that we are confident that teams in other organizations will be able to reuse or adapt them. We also hope to encourage more research into metrics based on large-scale behavioral data. Human Factors CHI Experimentation Measurement reuse Google, Mountain View, CA, USA user experience metrics Kerry Rodden web applications Hilary Hutchinson 2010 Xin Fu log analysis web analytics CHI10-275 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Are your participants gaming the system? screening mechanical turk workers. In this paper we discuss a screening process used in conjunction with a survey administered via Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk. We sought an easily implementable method to disqualify those people who participate but don't take the study tasks seriously. By using two previously pilot tested screening questions, we identified 764 of 1,962 people who did not answer conscientiously. Young men seem to be most likely to fail the qualification task. Those that are professionals, students, and non-workers seem to be more likely to take the task seriously than financial workers, hourly workers, and other workers. Men over 30 and women were more likely to answer seriously. Human Factors CHI Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Experimentation survey Lorrie Faith Cranor crowdsourcing survey mechanical turk 2010 Steve Sheng Julie S. Downs Mandy B. Holbrook screening CHI10-276 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Trained to accept? a field experiment on consent dialogs. A typical consent dialog was shown in 2 x 2 x 3 experimental variations to 80,000 users of an online privacy tool. We find that polite requests and button texts pointing to a voluntary decision decrease the probability of consent---in contrast to findings in social psychology. Our data suggests that subtle positive effects of polite requests indeed exist, but stronger negative effects of heuristic processing dominate the aggregated results. Participants seem to be habituated to coercive interception dialogs---presumably due to ubiquitous EULAs---and blindly accept terms the more their presentation resembles a EULA. Response latency and consultation of online help were taken as indicators to distinguish more systematic from heuristic responses. Human Factors CHI Experimentation experiment pointing privacy Security field experiment user behavior informed consent 2010 Rainer Böhme Stefan Köpsell International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany an.on/jondonym default button eula privacy notices CHI10-277 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Spyn: augmenting the creative and communicative potential of craft. We present data collected from a field study of 12 needle-crafters introduced to Spyn-mobile phone software that associates digital records (audio/visual media, text, and geographic data) with locations on fabric. We observed leisure needle-crafters use Spyn to create one or more handmade garments over two to four weeks and then give those garments to friends, partners, and family members. Using Spyn, creators left behind digital and physical traces that heightened recipients' appreciation for the gift and enabled a diverse set of meanings to emerge. Digital engagements with Spyn became a means for unraveling the value of the gift: recipients used digital information associated with the physical objects to interpret the story behind the objects and their creators. We discuss the nature of this relationship between digital and physical material and its implications for craft. CHI Design audio mobile University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA field study families mobile phones craft creativity Daniela K. Rosner process material storytelling design process Kimiko Ryokai 2010 crochet gift exchange knitting tangibility CHI10-278 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Toque: designing a cooking-based programming language for and with children. An intergenerational design team of children (ages 7-11 years old) along with graduate students and faculty in computer science and information studies developed a programming language for children, Toque. Concrete real-world cooking scenarios were used as programming metaphors to support an accessible programming learning experience. The Wiimote and Nunchuk were used as physical programming input devices. The programs that were created were pictorial recipes which dynamically controlled animations of an on-screen chef preparing virtual dishes in a graphical kitchen environment. Through multiple design sessions, programming strategies were explored, cooking metaphors were developed and, prototypes of the Toque environment were iterated. Results of these design experiences have shown us the importance of pair-programming, programming by storytelling, parallel programming, function-argument relationships, and the role of tangibility in overcoming challenges with constraints imposed by the system design. Human Factors CHI Design learning children Allison Druin children input input devices Languages programming storytelling education language tangible user interface design University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA programming languages 2010 Evan Golub Greg Walsh Elizabeth M. Bonsignore Sureyya Tarkan Vibha Sazawal Zeina Atrash CHI10-279 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Cooking with robots: designing a household system working in open environments. We propose a cooking system that operates in an open environment. The system cooks a meal by pouring various ingredients into a boiling pot on an induction heating cooker and adjusts the heating strength according to the user's instructions. We then describe how the system incorporates robotic- and human-specific elements in a shared workspace so as to achieve a cooperative rudimentary cooking capability. First, we use small mobile robots instead of built-in arms to save space, improve flexibility and increase safety. Second, we use detachable visual markers to allow the user to easily configure the real-world environment. Third, we provide a graphical user interface to display detailed cooking instructions to the user. We hope insights obtained in this experiment will be useful for the design of other household systems in the future. CHI Design user interfaces experiment graphical user interfaces mobile Takeo Igarashi human-robot interaction safety Daisuke Sakamoto Masahiko Inami 2010 Yuta Sugiura Anusha Withana Keio University, JST ERATO IGARASHI Design UI Project, Yokohama, Japan The University of Tokyo, JST ERATO IGARASHI Design UI Project, Tokyo, Japan cooking interface cooking procedure cooking with robots CHI10-280 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems LensMouse: augmenting the mouse with an interactive touch display. We introduce LensMouse, a novel device that embeds a touch-screen display -- or tangible 'lens' -- onto a mouse. Users interact with the display of the mouse using direct touch, whilst also performing regular cursor-based mouse interactions. We demonstrate some of the unique capabili-ties of such a device, in particular for interacting with auxil-iary windows, such as toolbars, palettes, pop-ups and dia-log-boxes. By migrating these windows onto LensMouse, challenges such as screen real-estate use and window man-agement can be alleviated. In a controlled experiment, we evaluate the effectiveness of LensMouse in reducing cursor movements for interacting with auxiliary windows. We also consider the concerns involving the view separation that results from introducing such a display-based device. Our results reveal that overall users are more effective with LenseMouse than with auxiliary application windows that are managed either in single or dual-monitor setups. We conclude by presenting other application scenarios that LensMouse could support. CHI Design tangible Experimentation Performance touch input devices experiment Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom Pourang Irani University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MAN, Canada touch screens Shahram Izadi Xiang Cao Xing-Dong Yang University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 2010 Edward Mak David McCallum mouse and lens mouse augmented display tangible lens touch display on mouse touch mouse CHI10-281 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Pacer: fine-grained interactive paper via camera-touch hybrid gestures on a cell phone. PACER is a gesture-based interactive paper system that supports fine-grained paper document content manipulation through the touch screen of a cameraphone. Using the phone's camera, PACER links a paper document to its digital version based on visual features. It adopts camera-based phone motion detection for embodied gestures (e.g. marquees, underlines and lassos), with which users can flexibly select and interact with document details (e.g. individual words, symbols and pixels). The touch input is incorporated to facilitate target selection at fine granularity, and to address some limitations of the embodied interaction, such as hand jitter and low input sampling rate. This hybrid interaction is coupled with other techniques such as semi-real time document tracking and loose physical-digital document registration, offering a gesture-based command system. We demonstrate the use of PACER in various scenarios including work-related reading, maps and music score playing. A preliminary user study on the design has produced encouraging user feedback, and suggested future research for better understanding of embodied vs. touch interaction and one vs. two handed interaction. Human Factors CHI Design input user study selection documents touch Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA paper interfaces gestures feedback cell phones cell phones gestures music embodied interaction touch screens touch embodied interfaces Lynn Wilcox Chunyuan Liao Qiong Liu 2010 Bee Liew camera fine-grained CHI10-282 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems MouseLight: bimanual interactions on digital paper using a pen and a spatially-aware mobile projector. MouseLight is a spatially-aware standalone mobile projector with the form factor of a mouse that can be used in combination with digital pens on paper. By interacting with the projector and the pen bimanually, users can visualize and modify the virtually augmented contents on top of the paper, and seamlessly transition between virtual and physical information. We present a high fidelity hardware prototype of the system and demonstrate a set of novel interactions specifically tailored to the unique properties of MouseLight. MouseLight differentiates itself from related systems such as PenLight in two aspects. First, MouseLight presents a rich set of bimanual interactions inspired by the ToolGlass interaction metaphor, but applied to physical paper. Secondly, our system explores novel displaced interactions, that take advantage of the independent input and output that is spatially aware of the underneath paper. These properties enable users to issue remote commands such as copy and paste or search. We also report on a preliminary evaluation of the system which produced encouraging observations and feedback. Human Factors CHI input search mobile George Fitzmaurice pen feedback Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA Francois Guimbretiere Tovi Grossman Autodesk Research, Toronto, ON, Canada Hyunyoung Song digital pen input mobile projector spatially-aware display 2010 CHI10-283 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems How routine learners can support family coordination. Researchers have detailed the importance of routines in how people live and work, while also cautioning system designers about the importance of people's idiosyncratic behavior patterns and the challenges they would present to learning systems. We wish to take up their challenge, and offer a vision of how simple sensing technology could capture and model idiosyncratic routines, enabling applications to solve many real world problems. To identify how a simple routine learner can demonstrate this in support of family coordination, we conducted six months of nightly interviews with six families, focusing on how they make and execute plans. Our data reveals that only about 40% of events unfold in a routine manner. When deviations do occur, family members often need but do not have access to accurate information about their routines. With about 90% of their content concerning deviations, not routines, families do not rely on calendars to support them during these moments. We discuss how coordination tools, like calendars and reminder systems, would improve coordination and reduce stress when augmented with routine information, and how commercial mobile phones can support the automatic creation of routine models. Human Factors CHI Design learning Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA learning sensing Anind K. Dey mobile calendars coordination interviews mobile families mobile phones John Zimmerman location planning reminders 2010 Scott Davidoff CHI10-284 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems The design and evaluation of an end-user-deployable, whole house, contactless power consumption sensor. We present the design, development, and evaluation of an end-user installable, whole house power consumption sensing system capable of gathering accurate real-time power use that does not require installing a current transformer around the electrical feeds in a home. Rather, our sensor system offers contactless operation by simply placing it on the outside of the breaker panel in a home. Although there are a number of existing commercial systems for gathering energy use in a home, almost none can easily and safely be installed by a homeowner (especially for homes in the U.S.). Our approach leverages advances in magnetoresistive materials and circuit design to allow contactless operation by reliably sensing the magnetic field induced by the 60 Hz current and a closed loop circuit allows us to precisely infer the power consumption in real-time. The contribution of this work is an enabling technology for researchers in the fields of Ubiquitous Computing and Human-Computer Interaction wanting to conduct practical large-scale deployments of end-user-deployable energy monitoring applications. We discuss the technical details, the iterative design, and end-user evaluations of our sensing approach. CHI Design Performance ubiquitous computing sensing ubiquitous computing human-computer interaction Measurement home University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA sustainability sensing Shwetak N. Patel Duke University, Durham, NC, USA smart homes 2010 Sidhant Gupta Matthew S. Reynolds energy monitoring CHI10-285 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems InPhase: evaluation of a communication system focused on "happy coincidences" of daily behaviors. To supplement existing forms of communication such as telephone and e-mail, this research proposes a new method of communicating "awareness" between people who are separated by long distances. In this paper, we investigate cases where coincidences in daily activities lead to casual conversation and thus intimacy and togetherness. We propose a new method of communicating these "happy coincidences" between a pair of remotely located locations. By equipping furniture and appliances such as doors, sofas, refrigerators and televisions with sensors, we developed a system wherein these items are connected to remote equivalents and their near simultaneous use is communicated. We conducted a two month field test of the system in a laboratory setting and a three month field test in an actual home. The study showed that the participant felt the presence of other people and thought about, imagined or even confirmed the habits of others by intentionally triggering the coincidence notification. Human Factors CHI Design awareness conversation communication presence sensors communication awareness notification home synchronization intimacy 2010 Hitomi Tsujita Koji Tsukada Siio Itiro Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan coincidences CHI10-286 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems O job can you return my mojo: improving human engagement and enjoyment in routine activities. Unlike machines, we humans are prone to boredom when we perform routine activities for long periods of time. Workers' mental engagement in boring tasks diminishes, which eventually, compromises their performance. The result is a double-whammy because the workers do not get job satisfaction and their employers do not receive optimal return on investment. This paper proposes a novel way for improving workers' mental engagement and hence, enjoyment, in routine activities. Specifically, we propose to blend in routine tasks mild mental/physical challenges. To test our hypothesis, we chose to experiment on a monitoring task typical of security guard operations. We combined this routine task with an iPhone-based game to make it more enjoyable. The results from 10 participants show that their mental engagement and enjoyment were significantly higher during the combined task. Human Factors CHI Experimentation Performance human-computer interaction experiment Dvijesh Shastri Ioannis Pavlidis University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA stress monitoring thermal imaging security 2010 Yuichi Fujiki Ross Buffington Panagiotis Tsiamyrtzis Belmont University, Nashville, TN, USA Athens University of Business and Economics, Athens, Greece computer games human engagement and performance CHI10-287 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Identifying drivers and hindrances of social user experience in web services. Social activity is becoming a central contributor to user experience (UX) in many modern Web services. The motivations, norms and rules of online communities have been widely researched, however, social activity and its UX in modern Web services is a less studied area. We conducted a four-week-long field study with three Web services -- Facebook, Nokia Sports Tracker and Dopplr -- which all support social activity. The aim of this study was to identify the central drivers and hindrances of social UX, user experience of online social activity. Our results show that the main drivers of social UX include self-expression, reciprocity, learning and curiosity, whereas unsuitability of content and functionality, incompleteness of user networks and lack of trust and privacy are often experienced as hindrances for social UX. Our findings also reveal the pragmatic and hedonic nature of the drivers and hindrances. The results can be used to inform design and evaluation of social UX in Web services. Human Factors CHI learning motivation University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland user experience privacy social activity field study trust University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland user experience facebook online communities web services 2010 Kaisa Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila Minna Wäljas Jarno Ojala Katarina Segerståhl Tampere University of Technology, Nokia Research Center, Tampere, Finland CHI10-288 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Code bubbles: a working set-based interface for code understanding and maintenance. Developers spend significant time reading and navigating code fragments spread across multiple locations. The file-based nature of contemporary IDEs makes it prohibitively difficult to create and maintain a simultaneous view of such fragments. We propose a novel user interface metaphor for code understanding based on collections of lightweight, editable fragments called bubbles, which form concurrently visible working sets. We present the results of a qualitative usability evaluation, and the results of a quantitative study which indicates Code Bubbles significantly improved code understanding time, while reducing navigation interactions over a widely-used IDE, for two controlled tasks. Human Factors CHI user interfaces usability navigation Brown University, Providence, RI, USA University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA Andrew Bragdon Robert Zeleznik Joseph J. LaViola, Jr. usability evaluation Java 2010 Steven P. Reiss Suman Karumuri William Cheung Joshua Kaplan Christopher Coleman Ferdi Adeputra bubbles multi-view simultaneous views source code CHI10-289 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems How to support designers in getting hold of the immaterial material of software. When designing novel GUI controls, interaction designers are challenged by the "immaterial" materiality of the digital domain; they lack tools that effectively support a reflecting conversation with the material of software as they attempt to conceive, refine, and communicate their ideas. To investigate this situation, we conducted two participatory design workshops. In the first workshop, focused on conceiving, we observed that designers want to invent controls by exploring gestures, context, and examples. In the second workshop, on refining and communicating, designers proposed tools that could refine movement, document context through usage scenarios, and support the use of examples. In this workshop they struggled to effectively communicate their ideas for developers because their ideas had not been fully explored. In reflecting on this struggle, we began to see an opportunity for the output of a design tool to be a boundary object that would allow for an ongoing conversation between the design and the material of software, in which the developer acts as a mediator for software. CHI Design Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Brad A. Myers conversation documents context graphical user interfaces communication gestures John Zimmerman participatory design design process tools 2010 Fatih Kursat Ozenc Miso Kim Stephen Oney interactive controls CHI10-290 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Enhancing web page readability for non-native readers. Readers face many obstacles on today's Web, including distracting content competing for the user's attention and other factors interfering with comfortable reading. On today's primarily English-language Web, non-native readers encounter even more problems, even if they have some fluency in English. In this paper, we focus on the presentation of content and propose a new transformation method, Jenga Format, to enhance web page readability. To evaluate the Jenga Format, we conducted a user study on 30 Asian users with moderate English fluency and the results indicated that the proposed transformation method improved reading comprehension without negatively affecting reading speed. We also describe Froggy, a Firefox extension which implements the Jenga format. CHI Design user study Experimentation MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA attention language Robert C. Miller 2010 Chen-Hsiang Yu readability enhancement reading comprehension web page customization CHI10-291 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Countertop responsive mirror: supporting physical retail shopping for sellers, buyers and companions. We examine opportunities for ubiquitous technologies in retail shopping, jewelry shopping in this case, to supplement the unique information needs inherent to physical trials of tactile products. We describe an iterative design approach to develop a mirror system that records and matches images across jewelry trials called the Countertop Responsive Mirror. The key technological distinction of our system from prior technologies is the use of "matched access," which automatically retrieves images that match a scene shown in separately accessed images. This not only helps shoppers compare jewelry but also promotes interactions among all parties during shopping. We report qualitative findings from multiple field trials of the system. This paper contributes to a body of research on the design and introduction of new technologies into retail shopping that provide value to all users without disruption to their normative practices and behaviors. Human Factors CHI Design Algorithms Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA tactile field trial Alan Walendowski Bo Begole Brinda Dalal 2010 Maurice Chu camera system computer vision application digital mirror implicit interaction jewelry matched access retail shopping CHI10-292 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Investigating the opportunity for a smart activity bag. As long as people have traveled, they have constructed bags to help them carry more items than their hands will hold. While quite effective at keeping things together, bags do a poor job of communicating when something is missing. We propose that there exists an opportunity for the HCI community to improve the quality of people's lives by creating bags that have knowledge of people's schedules and equipment needs, can sense their contents, and can communicate when something has been forgotten. To investigate this opportunity, we conducted a field study with six dual-income families. Through interviews and observations we investigated their experiences using bags to organize equipment needed for children's enrichment activities. Based on the findings we generated 100 concepts and conducted a needs validation session to better understand the best opportunity to improve people's lives with technical intervention. This paper reports on our field study and needs validation session, and shares insights on the opportunities and implications of a smart activity bag. CHI Design children hci Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ubiquitous computing interviews field study community families mobile devices John Zimmerman University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA research through design reminders 2010 Sun Young Park dual-income family needs validation smart bag speed dating CHI10-293 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems A model of symbol size discrimination in scatterplots. Symbols are used in scatterplots to encode data in a way that is appropriate for perception through human visual channels. Symbol size is believed to be the second dominant channel after color. We study symbol size perception in scatterplots in the context of analytic tasks requiring size discrimination. More specifically, we performed an experiment to measure human performance in three visual analytic tasks. Circles are used as the representative symbol, with eight, linearly varying radii; 24 persons, divided across three groups, participated; and both objective and subjective measures were obtained. We propose a model to describe the results. The perception of size is assumed to be an early step in the complex cognitive process to mediate discrimination, and psychophysical laws are used to describe this perceptual mapping. Different mapping schemes are compared by regression on the experimental data. The results show that approximate homogeneity of size perception exists in our complex tasks and can be closely described by a power law transformation with an exponent of 0.4. This yields an optimal scale for symbol size discrimination. Human Factors CHI Experimentation experiment context Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands Jarke J. van Wijk Jean-Bernard Martens 2010 Jing Li graphical encoding quantitative model scatterplots size discrimination symbol size user experiment visual analytic task CHI10-294 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Individual models of color differentiation to improve interpretability of information visualization. Color is commonly used to represent categories and values in many computer applications, but differentiating these colors can be difficult in many situations (e.g., for users with color vision deficiency (CVD), or in bright light). Current solutions to this problem can adapt colors based on standard simulations of CVD, but these models cover only a fraction of the ways in which color perception can vary. To improve the specificity and accuracy of these approaches, we have developed the first ever individualized model of color differentiation (ICD). The model is based on a short calibration performed by a particular user for a particular display, and so automatically covers all aspects of the user's ability to see and differentiate colors in an environment. In this paper we introduce the new model and the manner in which differentiability limits are predicted. We gathered empirical data from 16 users to assess the model's accuracy and robustness. We found that the model is highly effective at capturing individual differentiation abilities, works for users with and without CVD, can be tuned to balance accuracy and color availability, and can serve as the basis for improved color adaptation schemes. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation visualization visualization information visualization University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada assistive technology Carl Gutwin color blindness 2010 David R. Flatla color differentiation color vision deficiency CHI10-295 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Useful junk? the effects of visual embellishment on comprehension and memorability of charts. Guidelines for designing information charts (such as bar charts) often state that the presentation should reduce or remove 'chart junk' - visual embellishments that are not essential to understanding the data. In contrast, some popular chart designers wrap the presented data in detailed and elaborate imagery, raising the questions of whether this imagery is really as detrimental to understanding as has been proposed, and whether the visual embellishment may have other benefits. To investigate these issues, we conducted an experiment that compared embellished charts with plain ones, and measured both interpretation accuracy and long-term recall. We found that people's accuracy in describing the embellished charts was no worse than for plain charts, and that their recall after a two-to-three-week gap was significantly better. Although we are cautious about recommending that all charts be produced in this style, our results question some of the premises of the minimalist approach to chart design. Human Factors CHI Design information visualization experiment University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Regan L. Mandryk Carl Gutwin memorability 2010 Scott Bateman Aaron Genest David McDine Christopher Brooks charts imagery CHI10-296 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Intermediated technology use in developing communities. We describe a prevalent mode of information access in low-income communities of the developing world--intermediated interactions. They enable persons for whom technology is inaccessible due to non-literacy, lack of technology-operation skills, or financial constraints, to benefit from technologies through digitally skilled users--thus, expanding the reach of technologies. Reporting the results of our ethnography in two urban slums of Bangalore, India, we present three distinct intermediated interactions: inputting intent into the device in proximate enabling, interpretation of device output in proximate translation, and both input of intent and interpretation of output in surrogate usage. We present some requirements and challenges in interface design of these interactions and explain how they are different from direct interactions. We then explain the broader effects of these interactions on low-income communities, and present some implications for design. Human Factors CHI input interface design University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Edward Cutrell Kentaro Toyama Microsoft Research India, Bangalore, India ICT4D ethnography University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA 2010 Nithya Sambasivan hci4d Bonnie Nardi human-mediated computer interaction intermediated interactions urban slums CHI10-297 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Deliberate interactions: characterizing technology use in Nairobi, Kenya. We present results from a qualitative study examining how professionals living and working in Nairobi, Kenya regularly use ICT in their everyday lives. There are two contributions of this work for the HCI community. First, we provide empirical evidence demonstrating constraints our participants encountered when using technology in an infrastructure-poor setting. These constraints are limited bandwidth, high costs, differing perceptions of responsiveness, and threats to physical and virtual security. Second, we use our findings to critically evaluate the "access, anytime and anywhere" construct shaping the design of future technologies. We present an alternative vision called deliberate interactions--a planned and purposeful interaction style that involves offline preparation and discuss ways ICT can support this online usage behavior. Human Factors CHI Design hci Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA community security Intel Research, Berkeley, CA, USA qualitative studies Susan P. Wyche Marshini Chetty urban computing Rebecca E. Grinter Paul M. Aoki 2010 hci4d Thomas N. Smyth Kenya everyday technology CHI10-298 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems After access: challenges facing mobile-only internet users in the developing world. This study reports results of an ethnographic action research study, exploring mobile-centric internet use. Over the course of 13 weeks, eight women, each a member of a livelihoods collective in urban Cape Town, South Africa, received training to make use of the data (internet) features on the phones they already owned. None of the women had previous exposure to PCs or the internet. Activities focused on social networking, entertainment, information search, and, in particular, job searches. Results of the exercise reveal both the promise of, and barriers to, mobile internet use by a potentially large community of first-time, mobile-centric users. Discussion focuses on the importance of self-expression and identity management in the refinement of online and offline presences, and considers these forces relative to issues of gender and socioeconomic status. Human Factors CHI search identity mobile community social networking Microsoft Research India, Bangalore, India ICT4D gender developing world mobile internet 2010 hci4d Gary Marsden University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Shikoh Gitau Jonathan Donner CHI10-299 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems ViralVCD: tracing information-diffusion paths with low cost media in developing communities. We describe ViralVCD: a low cost method for tracing paths of information diffusion in developing communities using physical media. We instituted a participatory video framework for creation and dissemination of developmental videos in seven urban slums and peri-urban communities of Bangalore, India. By combining a call-in contest with Video CDs, we were able to measure developmental impact as well as elicit data on social networks and technology usage practices. In particular, our technique was able to extract data from multiple layers-social, technological, and developmental. ViralVCD allowed us to identify key actors and map information diffusion, as well as technology ownership and access. These findings have implications for HCI initiatives targeting low income locales and populations. Human Factors CHI hci University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA video Edward Cutrell social networks Kentaro Toyama Microsoft Research India, Bangalore, India University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA tracking methods 2010 Nithya Sambasivan hci4d diffusion low-cost media CHI10-300 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Interactivity and non-interactivity on tabletops. In the growing field of tabletop computing research, there has been an understandable focus on interactive aspects of tabletop use, in terms of technology, design, and behavioural analysis. In this paper, I highlight the importance of considering also non-interactive aspects of tabletop computing and the mutually dependent relationship between interactive and non-interactive. We illustrate aspects of this relationship using findings from a deployment of an interactive tabletop in a public setting. The findings highlight how consequences of interaction can impact on non-interactive behaviours and intentions and how non-interactive actions can constrain interactive behaviours on the tabletop. In doing this we aim to raise more awareness of the relationship between interactivity and non-interactivity within tabletop computing research. CHI Design awareness tabletop tabletop Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom interactivity Kenton O'Hara 2010 non-interactivity CHI10-301 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Clutch-free panning and integrated pan-zoom control on touch-sensitive surfaces: the cyclostar approach. This paper introduces two novel navigation techniques, CycloPan, for clutch-free 2D panning and browsing, and CycloZoom+, for integrated 2D panning and zooming. These techniques instantiate a more generic concept which we call Cyclo* (CycloStar). The basic idea is that users can exert closed-loop control over several continuous variables by voluntarily modulating the parameters of a sustained oscillation. Touch-sensitive surfaces tend to offer impoverished input resources. Cyclo* techniques seem particularly promising on these surfaces because oscillations have multiple geometrical and kinematic parameters many of which may be used as controls. While CycloPan and CycloZoom+ are compatible with each other and with much of the state of the art, our experimental evaluations suggest that these two novel techniques outperform flicking and rubbing techniques. Human Factors CHI Design input input techniques browsing navigation touch Yves Guiard touchpads zooming zooming touch screens Eric Lecolinet oscillatory motion multi-scale navigation 2010 Sylvain Malacria Télécom ParisTech, Paris, France elliptic gestures panning CHI10-302 April 10, 2010 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems Touching the void: direct-touch interaction for intangible displays. In this paper, we explore the challenges in applying and investigate methodologies to improve direct-touch interaction on intangible displays. Direct-touch interaction simplifies object manipulation, because it combines the input and display into a single integrated interface. While traditional tangible display-based direct-touch technology is commonplace, similar direct-touch interaction within an intangible display paradigm presents many challenges. Given the lack of tactile feedback, direct-touch interaction on an intangible display may show poor performance even on the simplest of target acquisition tasks. In order to study this problem, we have created a prototype of an intangible display. In the initial study, we collected user discrepancy data corresponding to the interpretation of 3D location of targets shown on our intangible display. The result showed that participants performed poorly in determining the z-coordinate of the targets and were imprecise in their execution of screen touches within the system. Thirty percent of positioning operations showed errors larger than 30mm from the actual surface. This finding triggered our interest to design a second study, in which we quantified task time in the presence of visual and audio feedback. The pseudo-shadow visual feedback was shown to be helpful both in improving user performance and satisfaction. Human Factors CHI Design input tangible audio touch target acquisition presence 3d tactile feedback tactile feedback National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Roc Li-Wei Chan Jane Hsu Yi-Ping Hung Mike Y. Chen 2010 Hui-Shan Kao Ming-Sui Lee direct-touch interaction intangible display virtual panel CHI00-001 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Unleashed: Web tablet integration into the home. To understand how web access from a portable tablet appliance changes the way people use the Internet, MediaOne gave families pen-based tablet computers with a wireless connection to our high-speed data network. We used ethnographic and usability methods to understand how tablets would be integrated into household activities and to define user requirements for such devices. Participants viewed the tablet as conceptually different from a PC. The tablet enabled a high degree of multitasking with household activities, yet flaws in form and function affected use. Results suggest that correctly designed portable Internet appliances will fill a special role in peoples' daily lives, particularly if these devices share information with each other. They will allow spontaneous access to information and communication anywhere. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance usability Management communication tablets pen-based computing pen Measurement ethnography home families multitasking ergonomics handheld computers 2000 Anne McClard Patricia Somers MediaOne Labs, 10355 Westmoor Drive, Suite 100, Westminster, CO Internet appliances CHI00-002 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Predicting text entry speed on mobile phones. We present a model for predicting expert text entry rates for several input methods on a 12-key mobile phone keypad. The model includes a movement component based on Fitts' law and a linguistic component based on digraph, or letter-pair, probabilities. Predictions are provided for one-handed thumb and two-handed index finger input. For the traditional multi-press method or the lesser-used two-key method, predicted expert rates vary from about 21 to 27 words per minute (wpm). The relatively new T9 method works with a disambiguating algorithm and inputs each character with a single key press. Predicted expert rates vary from 41 wpm for one-handed thumb input to 46 wpm for two-handed index finger input. These figures are degraded somewhat depending on the user's strategy in coping with less-than-perfect disambiguation. Analyses of these strategies are presented. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Experimentation Performance Management Algorithms Fitts' law human-performance modeling mobile I. Scott MacKenzie Measurement mobile systems text entry text entry Nokia Research Center, Finland mobile phones fitts' law mobile phones keypad input Miika Silfverberg 2000 Panu Korhonen Dept. of Mathematics & Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3 digraph frequencies CHI00-003 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Developing a context-aware electronic tourist guide: some issues and experiences. In this paper, we describe our experiences of developing and evaluating GUIDE, an intelligent electronic tourist guide. The GUIDE system has been built to overcome many of the limitations of the traditional information and navigation tools available to city visitors. For example, group-based tours are inherently inflexible with fixed starting times and fixed durations and (like most guidebooks) are constrained by the need to satisfy the interests of the majority rather than the specific interests of individuals. Following a period of requirements capture, involving experts in the field of tourism, we developed and installed a system for use by visitors to Lancaster. The system combines mobile computing technologies with a wireless infrastructure to present city visitors with information tailored to both their personal and environmental contexts. In this paper we present an evaluation of GUIDE, focusing on the quality of the visitor's experience when using the system. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management evaluation navigation user interface design context mobile Measurement context-aware context-aware mobile computing mobile computing 2000 Keith Cheverst Nigel Davies Keith Mitchell Adrian Friday Christos Efstratiou Distributed Multimedia Research Group, Department of Computing, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YR, U.K. adaptive hypermedia CHI00-004 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Measuring the allocation of control in a 6 degree-of-freedom docking experiment. Coordination definitions and metrics are reviewed from the motor control, biomedical, and human factors literature. This paper presents an alternative measurement called the M-metric, the product of the simultaneity and efficiency of a trajectory, as a means of quantifying allocation of control within a docking task. A 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) longitudinal virtual docking task experiment was conducted to address how control is allocated across six DOFs, how allocation of control changes with extended practice, and if differences in the allocation of control are input device dependent. The results show that operators, rather than controlling all 6 DOFs equally, allocate their control to the rotational and translational DOFs separately, and switch control between the two groups. With practice, allocation of control within the translational and rotational subsets increases at a faster rate than across all 6 DOFs together. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Experimentation Performance Management input devices input devices trajectories experiment interaction techniques Measurement coordination coordination evaluation methods motor control 2000 Maurice R. Masliah Paul Milgram Ergonomics in Teleoperation and Control (ETC) Lab, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8 6 degree-of-freedom control allocation of control the M-metric virtual docking task CHI00-005 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Symmetric bimanual interaction. We present experimental work that explores the factors governing symmetric bimanual interaction in a two-handed task that requires the user to track a pair of targets, one target with each hand. A symmetric bimanual task is a two-handed task in which each hand is assigned an identical role. In this context, we explore three main experimental factors. We vary the distance between the pair of targets to track: as the targets become further apart, visual diversion increases, forcing the user to divide attention between the two targets. We also vary the demands of the task by using both a slow and a fast tracking speed. Finally, we explore visual integration of sub-tasks: in one condition, the two targets to track are connected by a line segment which visually links the targets, while in the other condition there is no connecting line. Our results indicate that all three experimental factors affect the degree of parallelism, which we quantify using a new metric of bimanual parallelism. However, differences in tracking error between the two hands are affected only by the visual integration factor. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA affect context attention interaction techniques two-handed input Ken Hinckley Ravin Balakrishnan Measurement input symmetric interaction 2000 Aliaslwavefront, 210 King Street East, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5A 1J7 and Dept. of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G4 Guiard theory CHI00-006 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Two-handed input using a PDA and a mouse. We performed several experiments using a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) as an input device in the non-dominant hand along with a mouse in the dominant hand. A PDA is a small hand-held palm-size computer like a 3Com Palm Pilot or a Windows CE device. These are becoming widely available and are easily connected to a PC. Results of our experiments indicate that people can accurately and quickly select among a small numbers of buttons on the PDA using the left hand without looking, and that, as predicted, performance does decrease as the number of buttons increases. Homing times to move both hands between the keyboard and devices are only about 10% to 15% slower than times to move a single hand to the mouse, suggesting that acquiring two devices does not cause a large penalty. In an application task, we found that scrolling web pages using buttons or a scroller on the PDA matched the speed of using a mouse with a conventional scroll bar, and beat the best two-handed times reported in an earlier experiment. These results will help make two-handed interactions with computers more widely available and more effective. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Brad A. Myers Performance Management input devices experiment ubiquitous computing two-handed input scrolling PDA pda Measurement handheld smart environments handheld computers Pebbles PalmPilot 2000 Kin Pou Lie Bo-Chieh Yang Windows CE CHI00-007 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The effects of animated characters on anxiety, task performance, and evaluations of user interfaces. Animated characters are common in user interfaces, but important questions remain about whether characters work in all situations and for all users. This experiment tested the effects of different character presentations on user anxiety, task performance, and subjective evaluations of two commerce websites. There were three character conditions (no character, a character that ignored the user, and a character that closely monitored work on the website). Users were separated into two groups that had different attitudes about accepting help from others: people with control orientations that were external (users thought that other people controlled their success) and those with internal orientations (users thought they were in control). Results showed that the effects of monitoring and individual differences in thoughts about control worked as they do in real life. Users felt more anxious when characters monitored their website work and this effect was strongest for users with an external control orientation. Monitoring characters also decreased task performance, but increased trust in website content. Results are discussed in terms of design considerations that maximize the positive influence of animated agents. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Experimentation Performance Management agents experiment Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Measurement trust social facilitation locus of control 2000 Raoul Rickenberg Byron Reeves animated characters social agents CHI00-008 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Helper agent: designing an assistant for human-human interaction ina virtual meeting space. This paper introduces a new application area for agents in the computer interface: the support of human-human interaction. We discuss an interface agent prototype that is designed to support human-human communication in virtual environments. The prototype interacts with users strategically during conversation, spending most of its time listening. The prototype mimics a party host, trying to find a safe common topic for guests whose conversation has lagged. We performed an experimental evaluation of the prototype's ability to assist in cross-cultural conversations. We designed the prototype to introduce safe or unsafe topics to conversation pairs, through a series of questions and suggestions. The agent made positive contributions to participants' experience of the conversation, influenced their perception of each other and of each others' national group, and even seemed to effect their style of behavior. We discuss the implications of our research for the design of social agents to support human-human interaction. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management virtual environments conversation communication agents Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Measurement Katherine Isbister Clifford Nass Toru Ishida cross-cultural communication Hideyuki Nakanishi human-human interaction 2000 NTT Open Lab, 2-4 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, JAPAN Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JAPAN social interface agents virtual meeting place CHI00-009 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Agents to assist in finding help. When a novice needs help, often the best solution is to find a human expert who is capable of answering the novice's questions. But often, novices have difficulty characterizing their own questions and expertise and finding appropriate experts. Previous attempts to assist expertise location have provided matchmaking services, but leave the task of classifying knowledge and queries to be performed manually by the participants. We introduce Expert Finder, an agent that automatically classifies both novice and expert knowledge by autonomously analyzing documents created in the course of routine work. Expert Finder works in the domain of Java programming, where it relates a user's Java class usage to an independent domain model. User models are automatically generated that allow accurate matching of query to expert without either the novice or expert filling out skill questionnaires. Testing showed that automatically generated profiles matched well with experts' own evaluation of their skills, and we achieved a high rate of matching novice questions with appropriate experts. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA agents documents Languages programming agents Measurement Henry Lieberman user models 2000 Adriana Vivacqua Java expertise location help systems matchmaking CHI00-010 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Lurker demographics: counting the silent. As online groups grow in number and type, understanding lurking is becoming increasingly important. Recent reports indicate that lurkers make up over 90% of online groups, yet little is known about them. This paper presents a demographic study of lurking in email-based discussion lists (DLs) with an emphasis on health and software-support DLs. Four primary questions are examined. One, how prevalent is lurking, and do health and software-support DLs differ? Two, how do lurking levels vary as the definition is broadened from zero posts in 12 weeks to 3 or fewer posts in 12 weeks? Three, is there a relationship between lurking and the size of the DL, and four, is there a relationship between lurking and traffic level? When lurking is defined as no posts, the mean lurking level for all DLs is lower than the reported 90%. Health-support DLs have on average significantly fewer lurkers (46%) than software-support DLs (82%). Lurking varies widely ranging from 0 to 99%. The relationships between lurking, group size and traffic are also examined. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management email Measurement health email newsgroups 2000 lurking Blair Nonnecke Jenny Preece Dept. of Information Systems, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD BBS demographic discussion list health-support lurker membership traffic CHI00-011 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Talking in circles: designing a spatially-grounded audioconferencing environment. This paper presents Talking in Circles, a multimodal audioconferencing environment whose novel design emphasizes spatial grounding with the aim of supporting naturalistic group interaction behaviors. Participants communicate primarily by speech and are represented as colored circles in a two-dimensional space. Behaviors such as subgroup conversations and social navigation are supported through circle mobility as mediated by the environment and the crowd and distance-based attenuation of the audio. The circles serve as platforms for the display of identity, presence and activity: graphics are synchronized to participants' speech to aid in speech-source identification and participants can sketch in their circle, allowing a pictorial and gestural channel to complement the audio. We note user experiences through informal studies as well as design challenges we have faced in the creation of a rich environment for computer-mediated communication. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech multimodal Performance Management audio MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA conversation communication interaction design navigation presence identity mediated communication multimodal interfaces computer-mediated communication audio media space representations computer-mediated communication Measurement gestures Judith Donath mobility social navigation speech drawing 2000 Roy Rodenstein multicast CHI00-012 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Jotmail: a voicemail interface that enables you to see what was said. Voicemail is a pervasive, but under-researched tool for workplace communication. Despite potential advantages of voicemail over email, current phone-based voicemail UIs are highly problematic for users. We present a novel, Web-based, voicemail interface, Jotmail. The design was based on data from several studies of voicemail tasks and user strategies. The GUI has two main elements: (a) personal annotations that serve as a visual analogue to underlying speech; (b) automatically derived message header information. We evaluated Jotmail in an 8-week field trial, where people used it as their only means for accessing voicemail. Jotmail was successful in supporting most key voicemail tasks, although users' electronic annotation and archiving behaviors were different from our initial predictions. Our results argue for the utility of a combination of annotation based indexing and automatically derived information, as a general technique for accessing speech archives. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech Performance Management communication annotation Languages graphical user interfaces Richard C. Davis email empirical evaluation Measurement field trial Steve Whittaker annotation note-taking voicemail speech as data Julia Hirschberg asynchronous communication speech access 2000 Urs Muller ATT Labs-Research, 180 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ Virtual Ink Corporation, 56 Roland St. Suite 306, Boston, MA CHI00-013 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Instructional interventions in computer-based tutoring: differential impact on learning time and accuracy. We can reliably build “second generation” intelligent computer tutors that are approximately half as effective as human tutors. This paper evaluates two interface enhancements designed to improve the effectiveness of one successful second generation tutor, the ACT Programming Tutor. One enhancement employs animated feedback to make key data structure relationships salient. The second enhancement employs subgoal scaffolding to support students in developing simple programming plans. Both interventions were successful, but had very different impacts on student effort required to achieve mastery in the tutor environment and on subsequent posttest accuracy. These results represent a step forward in closing the gap between computer tutors and human tutors. Human Factors CHI Design Theory learning Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Performance Management Languages programming feedback Measurement animation intelligent tutoring systems Albert T. Corbett instructional interface design student modeling 2000 Holly Trask American Management Systems, 12601 Fair Lakes Circle, Fairfax, VA plan scaffolding CHI00-014 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Keystroke level analysis of email message organization. Organization of email messages takes an increasing amount of time for many email users. Research has demonstrated that users develop very different strategies to handle this organization. In this paper, the relationship between the different organization strategies and the time necessary to use a certain strategy is illustrated by a mathematical model based on keystroke-level analysis. The model estimates time usage for archiving and retrieving email messages for individual users. Besides explaining why users develop different strategies to organize email messages, the model can also be used to advise users individually when to start using folders, clean messages, learn the search functionality, and using filters to store messages. Similar models could assist evaluation of different interface designs where the number of items increase with time. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management search Documentation email Measurement users email model 2000 Olle Bälter Interaction and Presentation Laboratory, Nada, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden organisation of messages CHI00-015 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Using naming time to evaluate quality predictors for model simplification. Model simplification researchers require quality heuristics to guide simplification, and quality predictors to allow comparison of different simplification algorithms. However, there has been little evaluation of these heuristics or predictors. We present an evaluation of quality predictors. Our standard of comparison is naming time, a well established measure of recognition from cognitive psychology. Thirty participants named models of familiar objects at three levels of simplification. Results confirm that naming time is sensitive to model simplification. Correlations indicate that view-dependent image quality predictors are most effective for drastic simplifications, while view-independent three-dimensional predictors are better for more moderate simplifications. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management Measurement Benjamin Watson 2000 Alinda Friedman Aaron McGaffey Dept. Computing Science, 615 General Services Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1 Dept. Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 human vision image quality model simplification naming time simplification metrics CHI00-016 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Interactive textbook and interactive Venn diagram: natural and intuitive interfaces on augmented desk system. This paper describes two interface prototypes which we have developed on our augmented desk interface system, EnhancedDesk. The first application is Interactive Textbook, which is aimed at providing an effective learning environment. When a student opens a page which describes experiments or simulations, Interactive Textbook automatically retrieves digital contents from its database and projects them onto the desk. Interactive Textbook also allows the student hands-on ability to interact with the digital contents. The second application is the Interactive Venn Diagram, which is aimed at supporting effective information retrieval. Instead of keywords, the system uses real objects such as books or CDs as keys for retrieval. The system projects a circle around each book; data corresponding the book are then retrieved and projected inside the circle. By moving two or more circles so that the circles intersect each other, the user can compose a Venn diagram interactively on the desk. We also describe the new technologies introduced in EnhancedDesk which enable us to implement these applications. Human Factors CHI Design Theory learning Performance Management information retrieval augmented reality education computer vision Yoshinori Kobayashi Hideki Koike information retrieval 2000 Yoichi Sato Hiroaki Tobita Motoki Kobayashi Graduate School of Information Systems, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan Institute of Industrial Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-22-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0032, Japan Venn diagram computer supported learning finger/hand recognition CHI00-017 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems curlybot: designing a new class of computational toys. We introduce an educational toy, called curlybot, as the basis for a new class of toys aimed at children in their early stages of development — ages four and up. curlybot is an autonomous two-wheeled vehicle with embedded electronics that can record how it has been moved on any flat surface and then play back that motion accurately and repeatedly. Children can use curlybot to develop intuitions for advanced mathematical and computational concepts, like differential geometry, through play away from a traditional computer. In our preliminary studies, we found that children learn to use curlybot quickly. They readily establish an affective and body syntonic connection with curlybot, because of its ability to remember all of the intricacies of their original gesture; every pause, acceleration, and even the shaking in their hand is recorded. Programming by example in this context makes the educational ideas implicit in the design of curlybot accessible to young children. Human Factors CHI Design Theory children children Performance Management learning MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA programming context Hiroshi Ishii tangible interface education gestures toy 2000 Victor Su Phil Frei Bakhtiar Mikhak CHI00-018 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems HandSCAPE: a vectorizing tape measure for on-site measuring applications. We introduce HandSCAPE, an orientation-aware digital tape measure, as an input device for digitizing field measurements, and visualizing the volume of the resulting vectors with computer graphics. Using embedded orientation-sensing hardware, HandSCAPE captures relevant vectors on each linear measurements and transmits this data wirelessly to a remote computer in real-time. To guide us in design, we have closely studied the intended users, their tasks, and the physical workplaces to extract the needs from real worlds. In this paper, we first describe the potential utility of HandSCAPE for three on-site application areas: archeological surveys, interior design, and storage space allocation. We then describe the overall system which includes orientation sensing, vector calculation, and primitive modeling. With exploratory usage results, we conclude our paper for interface design issues and future developments. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Performance Management interface design MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA input devices input devices sensing Hiroshi Ishii tangible interface Measurement physical interaction 2000 Victor Su Jay Lee Sandia Ren field measurement tool on-site applications orientation-aware CHI00-019 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Bringing order to the Web: automatically categorizing search results. We developed a user interface that organizes Web search results into hierarchical categories. Text classification algorithms were used to automatically classify arbitrary search results into an existing category structure on-the-fly. A user study compared our new category interface with the typical ranked list interface of search results. The study showed that the category interface is superior both in objective and subjective measures. Subjects liked the category interface much better than the list interface, and they were 50% faster at finding information that was organized into categories. Organizing search results allows users to focus on items in categories of interest rather than having to browse through all the results sequentially. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces user study Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA classification Susan Dumais World Wide Web Algorithms search Documentation University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA user interfaces Measurement user study web search classification search Hao Chen text categorization 2000 support vector machine CHI00-020 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Enhancing a digital book with a reading recommender. Digital books can significantly enhance the reading experience, providing many functions not available in printed books. In this paper we study a particular augmentation of digital books that provides readers with customized recommendations. We systematically explore the application of spreading activation over text and citation data to generate useful recommendations. Our findings reveal that for the tasks performed in our corpus, spreading activation over text is more useful than citation data. Further, fusing text and citation data via spreading activation results in the most useful recommendations. The fused spreading activation techniques outperform traditional text-based retrieval methods. Finally, we introduce a preliminary user interface for the display of recommendations from these algorithms. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Experimentation Performance Management information visualization Algorithms Documentation Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA Measurement Ed H. Chi recommender systems bibliometrics Allison Woodruff Stuart K. Card James Pitkow 2000 recommendations Rich Gossweiler 3D book degree of interest spreading activation CHI00-021 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The scent of a site: a system for analyzing and predicting information scent, usage, and usability of a Web site. Designers and researchers of users' interactions with the World Wide Web need tools that permit the rapid exploration of hypotheses about complex interactions of user goals, user behaviors, and Web site designs. We present an architecture and system for the analysis and prediction of user behavior and Web site usability. The system integrates research on human information foraging theory, a reference model of information visualization and Web data-mining techniques. The system also incorporates new methods of Web site visualization (Dome Tree, Usage Based Layouts), a new predictive modeling technique for Web site use (Web User Flow by Information Scent, WUFIS), and new Web usability metrics. Human Factors CHI Design Theory theory Performance usability Management information visualization World Wide Web visualization information visualization Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA information foraging information foraging Measurement Ed H. Chi Peter Pirolli usability information scent information scent world wide web data mining James Pitkow 2000 dome tree longest repeated subsequences usage-based layout CHI00-022 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Browsing digital video. Video in digital format played on programmable devices presents opportunities for significantly enhancing the user's viewing experience. For example, time compression and pause removal can shorten the viewing time for a video, textual and visual indices can allow personalized navigation through the content, and random-access digital storage allows instantaneous seeks into the content. To understand user behavior when such capabilities are available, we built a software video browsing application that combines many such features. We present results from a user study where users browsed video in six different categories: classroom lectures, conference presentations, entertainment shows, news, sports, and travel. Our results show that the most frequently used features were time compression, pause removal, and navigation using shot boundaries. Also, the behavior was different depending on the content type, and we present a classification. Finally, the users found the browser to be very useful. Two main reasons were: i) the ability to save time and ii) the feeling of control over what content they watched. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA browsing digital video navigation University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Francis C. Li video video browsing Anoop Gupta Liwei He Elizabeth Sanocki time-compression Measurement classification video browsing Yong Rui 2000 next-generation video playback interfaces pause removal video indexing CHI00-023 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Comparing presentation summaries: slides vs. reading vs. listening. As more audio and video technical presentations go online, it becomes imperative to give users effective summarization and skimming tools so that they can find the presentation they want and browse through it quickly. In a previous study, we reported three automated methods for generating audio-video summaries and a user evaluation of those methods. An open question remained about how well various text/image only techniques will compare to the audio-video summarizations. This study attempts to fill that gap. This paper reports a user study that compares four possible ways of allowing a user to skim a presentation: 1) PowerPoint slides used by the speaker during the presentation, 2) the text transcript created by professional transcribers from the presentation, 3) the transcript with important points highlighted by the speaker, and 4) a audio-video summary created by the speaker. Results show that although some text-only conditions can match the audio-video summary, users have a marginal preference for audio-video (ANOVA f=3.067, p=0.087). Furthermore, different styles of slide-authoring (e.g., detailed vs. big-points only) can have a big impact on their effectiveness as summaries, raising a dilemma for some speakers in authoring for on-demand previewing versus that for live audiences. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Algorithms audio video multimedia video browsing Anoop Gupta Jonathan Grudin Liwei He Elizabeth Sanocki Measurement 2000 video summarization digital video library video abstraction video skim CHI00-024 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems An interactive comic book presentation for exploring video. This paper presents a method for generating compact pictorial summarizations of video. We developed a novel approach for selecting still images from a video suitable for summarizing the video and for providing entry points into it. Images are laid out in a compact, visually pleasing display reminiscent of a comic book or Japanese manga. Users can explore the video by interacting with the presented summary. Links from each keyframe start video playback and/or present additional detail. Captions can be added to presentation frames to include commentary or descriptions such as the minutes of a recorded meeting. We conducted a study to compare variants of our summarization technique. The study participants judged the manga summary to be significantly better than the other two conditions with respect to their suitability for summaries and navigation, and their visual appeal. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management navigation Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA video video browsing Measurement Gene Golovchinsky Andreas Girgensohn 2000 video summarization John Boreczky Shingo Uchihashi keyframe extraction CHI00-025 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Face to interface: facial affect in (hu)man and machine. Facial expression of emotion (or “facial affect”) is rapidly becoming an area of intense interest in the computer science and interaction design communities. Ironically, this interest comes at a time when the classic findings on perception of human facial affect are being challenged in the psychological research literature, largely on methodological grounds. This paper presents two studies on perception of facial affect. Experiment 1 provides new data on the recognition of human facial expressions, using experimental methods and analyses designed to systematically address the criticisms and help resolve this controversy. Experiment 2 is a user study on affect in a prototype robot face; the results are compared to the human data of Experiment 1. Together they provide a demonstration of how basic and more applied research can mutually contribute to this rapidly developing field. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Experimentation Performance Management affect emotion emotion experiment Interval Research Corporation, 1801 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA interaction design Measurement Diane J. Schiano affect affective computing Sheryl M. Ehrlich Kyle Sheridan face facial affect facial expression of emotion nonverbal communication 2000 Krisnawan Rahardja CHI00-026 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Hedonic and ergonomic quality aspects determine a software's appeal. The present study examines the role of subjectively perceived ergonomic quality (e.g. simplicity, controllability) and hedonic quality (e.g. novelty, originality) of a software system in forming a judgement of appeal. A hypothesised research model is presented. The two main research question are: (1) Are ergonomic and hedonic quality subjectively different quality aspects that can be independently perceived by the users? and (2) Is the judgement of appeal formed by combining and weighting ergonomic and hedonic quality and which weights are assigned? The results suggest that both quality aspects can be independently perceived by users. Moreover, they almost equally contributed to the appeal of the tested software prototypes. A simple averaging model implies that both quality aspects will compensate each other. Limitations and practical implication of the results are discussed. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Reliability Performance Management Measurement Marc Hassenzahl 2000 Axel Platz Michael Burmester Katrin Lehner Corporate Technology - User Interface Design, Siemens AG, 81730 Munich, Germany emotional usability hedonic components joy of use perceived software quality CHI00-027 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Alternatives: exploring information appliances through conceptual design proposals. As a way of mapping a design space for a project on information appliances, we produced a workbook describing about twenty conceptual design proposals. On the one hand, they serve as suggestions that digital devices might embody values apart from those traditionally associated with functionality and usefulness. On the other, they are examples of research through design, balancing concreteness with openness to spur the imagination, and using multiplicity to allow the emergence of a new design space. Here we describe them both in terms of content and process, discussing first the values they address and then how they were crafted to encourage a broad discussion with our partners that could inform future stages of design. Human Factors CHI Design Theory design research The Royal College of Art, London, UK Performance Management home 2000 Bill Gaver Heather Martin conceptual design information appliances CHI00-028 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems An observational study of how objects support engineering design thinking and communication: implications for the design of tangible media. There has been an increasing interest in objects within the HCI field particularly with a view to designing tangible interfaces. However, little is known about how people make sense of objects and how objects support thinking. This paper presents a study of groups of engineers using physical objects to prototype designs, and articulates the roles that physical objects play in supporting their design thinking and communications. The study finds that design thinking is heavily dependent upon physical objects, that designers are active and opportunistic in seeking out physical props and that the interpretation and use of an object depends heavily on the activity. The paper discusses the trade-offs that designers make between speed and accuracy of models, and specificity and generality in choice of representations. Implications for design of tangible interfaces are discussed. Human Factors CHI Design Theory hci tangible Performance Management user models communication interaction design cognitive models tangible interface augmented reality tangible media Margot Brereton 2000 design thinking Ben McGarry Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia CHI00-029 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Tagged handles: merging discrete and continuous manual control. Discrete and continuous modes of manual control are fundamentally different: buttons select or change state, while handles persistently modulate an analog parameter. User interfaces for many electronically aided tasks afford only one of these modes when both are needed. We describe an integration of two kinds of physical interfaces (tagged objects and force feedback) that enables seamless execution of such multimodal tasks while applying the benefits of physicality; and demonstrate application scenarios with conceptual and engineering prototypes. Our emphasis is on sharing insights gained in a design case study, including expert user reactions. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces multimodal Performance Management sharing MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA Interval Research Corporation, 1801 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA feedback haptic tangible force feedback Scott S. Snibbe design process Karon E. MacLean force feedback tools 2000 Golan Levin container continuous discrete tagged object token CHI00-030 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Traversable interfaces between real and virtual worlds. Traversable interfaces establish the illusion that virtual and physical worlds are joined together and that users can physically cross from one to the other. Our design for a traversable interface combines work on tele-embodiment, mixed reality boundaries and virtual environments. It also exploits non-solid projection surfaces, of which we describe four examples. Our design accommodates the perspectives of users who traverse the interface and also observers who are present in the connected physical and virtual worlds, an important consideration for performance and entertainment applications. A demonstrator supports encounters between members of our laboratory and remote visitors. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management virtual environments augmented reality virtual worlds virtual environments University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Boriana Koleva Holger Schnädelbach Chris Greenhalgh Steve Benford telepresence mixed reality mixed reality 2000 tele-embodiment CHI00-031 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Tradeoffs in displaying peripheral information. Peripheral information is information that is not central to a person's current task, but provides the person the opportunity to learn more, to do a better job, or to keep track of less important tasks. Though peripheral information displays are ubiquitous, they have been rarely studied. For computer users, a common peripheral display is a scrolling text display that provides announcements, sports scores, stock prices, or other news. In this paper, we investigate how to design peripheral displays so that they provide the most information while having the least impact on the user's performance on the main task. We report a series of experiments on scrolling displays aimed at examining tradeoffs between distraction of scrolling motion and memorability of information displayed. Overall, we found that continuously scrolling displays are more distracting than displays that start and stop, but information in both is remembered equally well. These results are summarized in a set of design recommendations. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management user interface design IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA scrolling Measurement peripheral displays 2000 Paul P. Maglio Christopher S. Campbell dual-task tradeoffs peripheral information CHI00-032 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The impact of fluid documents on reading and browsing: an observational study. Fluid Documents incorporate additional information into a page by adjusting typography using interactive animation. One application is to support hypertext browsing by providing glosses for link anchors. This paper describes an observational study of the impact of Fluid Documents on reading and browsing. The study involved six conditions that differ along several dimensions, including the degree of typographic adjustment and the distance glosses are placed from anchors. Six subjects read and answered questions about two hypertext corpora while being monitored by an eyetracker. The eyetracking data revealed no substantial differenccs in eye behavior between conditions. Gloss placement was significant: subjects required less time to use nearby glosses. Finally, the reaction to the conditions was highly varied, with several conditions receiving both a best and worst rating on the subjective questionnaires. These results suggest implications for the design of dynamic reading environments. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management browsing documents Documentation eye tracking animation eye tracking Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA Measurement focus+context 2000 Polle T. Zellweger Susan Harkness Regli Jock D. Mackinlay Bay-Wei Chang Baker Hall 259, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA and Xerox PARC, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA fluid documents fluid user interfaces hypertext navigation on-line reading studies of dynamic user interfaces CHI00-033 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Effects of contextual navigation aids on browsing diverse Web systems. In spite of the radical enhancement of web technologies, many users still continue to experience severe difficulties in navigating web systems. One way to reduce the navigation difficulties is to provide context information that explains the current situation of users in the web systems. In this study, we empirically examined the effects of two types of context information, namely, structural and temporal context. In the experiment, we evaluated the effectiveness of the contextual navigation aids in two different types of web systems: an electronic commerce system and a content dissemination system. In our experiment, subjects performed several browsing tasks and answered a set of post-questionnaires. The results of the experiment reveal that the two types of contextual navigation aids significantly improved the performance of browsing tasks regardless of different web systems. Moreover, context information changed the users' navigation patterns, and increased their subjective ease of navigation. This study concludes with implications for understanding the users' browsing patterns and for developing effective navigation systems. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management browsing navigation browsing navigation experiment context Measurement context information hypertext Jinwoo Kim 2000 Joonah Park Human Computer Interaction Lab, Department of Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea Web systems structure CHI00-034 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Interacting with eye movements in virtual environments. Eye movement-based interaction offers the potential of easy, natural, and fast ways of interacting in virtual environments. However, there is little empirical evidence about the advantages or disadvantages of this approach. We developed a new interaction technique for eye movement interaction in a virtual environment and compared it to more conventional 3-D pointing. We conducted an experiment to compare performance of the two interaction types and to assess their impacts on spatial memory of subjects and to explore subjects' satisfaction with the two types of interactions. We found that the eye movement-based interaction was faster than pointing, especially for distant objects. However, subjects' ability to recall spatial information was weaker in the eye condition than the pointing one. Subjects reported equal satisfaction with both types of interactions, despite the technology limitations of current eye tracking equipment. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management virtual reality virtual environments eye tracking experiment pointing interaction techniques eye tracking eye movements virtual environments interaction techniques eye movements Measurement memory Robert J.K. Jacob spatial memory 2000 Vildan Tanriverdi Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA Polhemus tracker CHI00-035 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Intelligent gaze-added interfaces. We discuss a novel type of interface, the intelligent gaze-added interface, and describe the design and evaluation of a sample gaze-added operating-system interface. Gaze-added interfaces, like current gaze-based systems, allow users to execute commands using their eyes. However, while most gaze-based systems replace the functionality of other inputs with that of gaze, gaze-added interfaces simply add gaze functionality that the user can employ if and when desired. Intelligent gaze-added interfaces utilize a probabilistic algorithm and user model to interpret gaze focus and alleviate typical problems with eye-taking data. We extended a standard WIMP operating-system interface into a new interface, IGO, that incorporates intelligent gaze-added input. In a user study, we found that users quickly adapted to the new interface and utilized gaze effectively both alone and with other inputs. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input user study Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Performance Management user models John R. Anderson gaze Dario D. Salvucci eye movements Measurement user models intelligent interfaces 2000 Cambridge Basic Research, Four Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA gaze-added interfaces gaze-based interfaces CHI00-036 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Evaluation of eye gaze interaction. Eye gaze interaction can provide a convenient and natural addition to user-computer dialogues. We have previously reported on our interaction techniques using eye gaze [10]. While our techniques seemed useful in demonstration, we now investigate their strengths and weaknesses in a controlled setting. In this paper, we present two experiments that compare an interaction technique we developed for object selection based on a where a person is looking with the most commonly used selection method using a mouse. We find that our eye gaze interaction technique is faster than selection with a mouse. The results show that our algorithm, which makes use of knowledge about how the eyes behave, preserves the natural quickness of the eye. Eye gaze interaction is a reasonable addition to computer interaction and is convenient in situations where it is important to use the hands for other tasks. It is particularly beneficial for the larger screen workspaces and virtual environments of the future, and it will become increasingly practical as eye tracker technology matures. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management Algorithms virtual environments selection interaction techniques eye tracking gaze interaction techniques eye movements user interfaces Measurement Robert J.K. Jacob 2000 Linda E. Sibert Human-Computer Interaction Lab, NCARAI, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA CHI00-037 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Enriching buyers' experiences: the SmartClient approach. In electronic commerce, a satisfying buyer experience is a key competitive element. We show new techniques for better adapting interaction with an electronic catalog system to actual buying behavior. Our model replaces the sequential separation of needs identification and product brokering with a conversation in which both processes occur simultaneously. This conversation supports the buyer in formulating his or her needs, and in deciding which criteria to apply in selecting a product to buy. We have experimented with this approach in the area of travel planning and developed a system called SmartClient Travel which supports this process. It includes tools for need identification, visualization of alternatives, and choosing the most suitable one. We describe the system and its implementation, and report on user studies showing its advantages for electronic catalogs. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Performance Management conversation visualization Pearl Pu Boi Faltings 2000 Ergonomics of Intelligent Systems, ISR/DMT, Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne, CH-1015 Ecublens EPFL, Switzerland Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Swiss Insitute of Technology Lausanne, CH-1015 Ecublens EPFL, Switzerland client-server architecture constraint solver eCommerce on-line travel planning systems visual overview CHI00-038 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Quality is inthe eye of the beholder: meeting users' requirements for Internet quality of service. Growing usage and diversity of applications on the Internet makes Quality of Service (QoS) increasingly critical [15]. To date, the majority of research on QoS is systems oriented, focusing on traffic analysis, scheduling, and routing. Relatively minor attention has been paid to user-level QoS issues. It is not yet known how objective system quality relates to users' subjective perceptions of quality. This paper presents the results of quantitative experiments that establish a mapping between objective and perceived QoS in the context of Internet commerce. We also conducted focus groups to determine how contextual factors influence users' perceptions of QoS. We show that, while users' perceptions of World Wide Web QoS are influenced by a number of contextual factors, it is possible to correlate objective measures of QoS with subjective judgements made by users, and therefore influence system design. We argue that only by integrating users' requirements for QoS into system design can the utility of the future Internet be maximized. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA Allan Kuchinsky context attention Measurement Internet University College London, London, United Kingdom world wide web quality of service 2000 Anna Bouch Nina Bhatti user perception CHI00-039 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems What makes Internet users visit cyber stores again? key design factors for customer loyalty. Retaining customer loyalty is crucial in electronic commerce because the value of an Internet store is largely determined by the number of its loyal customers. This paper proposes a multi-phased model of customer loyalty for Internet shopping, which fully takes the characteristics of the Internet and cyber shopping into consideration. In order to validate the model, we conducted a web-based survey of the customers of various Internet stores, and the data was processed using structural equation analysis. The results indicate that several factors can effectively increase customer loyalty towards an Internet store and that the relative importance of the identified factors varies according to the level of involvement with the product purchased through the store. We suggest several managerial implications in developing Internet stores for higher customer loyalty based on these results. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management trust Measurement survey Jinwoo Kim 2000 Jungwon Lee Jae Yun Moon Human Computer Interaction Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Information Systems Department, New York University Internet shopping customer interface customer loyalty electronic commerce involvement transaction cost CHI00-040 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Speak out and annoy someone: experience with intelligent kiosks. An intelligent kiosk is a public information kiosk that senses the presence of humans and communicates in a natural way. To examine issues of human-kiosk interaction, we have built and deployed two versions of intelligent kiosks. The first kiosk design combines machine vision to locate and track people in the vicinity with an animated talking head that focuses on clients and talks to them. The second kiosk design uses infrared and sonar sensors to sense clients and multiple interacting agents to communicate with the client. The foremost lessons learned from public trials include (1) people are attracted to an animated face that watches them, (2) small mobile agents interact better with kiosk content than a single fixed face, (3) speaker-independent speech recognition is only useful in targeted applications, and (4) the quality of the content on the kiosk strongly influences the client's evaluation of the quality of the technology. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech speech recognition Performance speech recognition Management agents user interface design Languages presence sensors mobile 2000 Andrew D. Christian Brian L. Avery Cambridge Research Laboratory, Compaq Computer Corporation, One Kendall Square, Building 700, Cambridge, MA information display machine vision public kiosk talking avatar CHI00-041 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The effect of task conditions on the comprehensibility of synthetic speech. A study was conducted with 78 subjects to evaluate the comprehensibility of synthetic speech for various tasks ranging from short, simple e-mail messages to longer news articles on mostly obscure topics. Comprehension accuracy for each subject was measured for synthetic speech and for recorded human speech. Half the subjects were allowed to take notes while listening, the other half were not. Findings show that there was no significant difference in comprehension of synthetic speech among the five different text-to-speech engines used. Those subjects that did not take notes performed significantly worse for all synthetic voice tasks when compared to recorded speech tasks. Performance for synthetic speech in the non note-taking condition degraded as the task got longer and more complex. When taking notes, subjects also did significantly worse within the synthetic voice condition averaged across all six tasks. However, average performance scores for the last three tasks in this condition show comparable results for human and synthetic speech, reflective of a training effect. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech Experimentation Performance IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Management Languages note-taking Measurement user study Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Jennifer Lai comprehension TTS (text-to-speech) 2000 David Wood Michael Considine synthetic speech CHI00-042 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Does computer-generatedspeech manifest personality? an experimental test of similarity-attraction. This study examines whether people would interpret and respond to paralinguistic personality cues in computer-generated speech in the same way as they do human speech. Participants used a book-buying website and heard five book reviews in a 2 (synthesized voice personality: extrovert vs. introvert) by 2 (participant personality: extrovert vs. introvert) balanced, between-subjects experiment. Participants accurately recognized personality cues in TTS and showed strong similarity-attraction effects. Although the content was the same for all participants, when the personality of the computer voice matched their own personality: 1) participants regarded the computer voice as more attractive, credible, and informative; 2) the book review was evaluated more positively; 3) the reviewer was more attractive and credible; and 4) participants were more likely to buy the book. Match of user voice characteristics with TTS had no effect, confirming the social nature of the interaction. We discuss implications for HCI theory and design. Human Factors CHI Design Theory hci speech theory Experimentation Performance Management Languages experiment user interfaces Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Measurement Clifford Nass personality CASA (computers are social actors) Kwan Min Lee TTS (text-to-speech) 2000 similarity-attraction effect CHI00-043 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems A toolkit for strategic usability: results from workshops, panels, and surveys. This paper describes the organizational approaches and usability methodologies considered by HCI professionals to increase the strategic impact of usability research within companies. We collected the data from 134 HCI professionals at three conferences: CHI 98, CHI 99, and the Usability Professionals' Association 1999 conference. The results are the first steps towards a toolkit for the usability community that can help HCI practitioners learn from the experiences of others in similar situations. Human Factors CHI Design Theory organizational change hci Performance usability Management toolkits Measurement community methodology usability HCI professionals 2000 Stephanie Rosenbaum Janice Anne Rohn Judee Humburg Tec-Ed, Inc., P.O. Box 1905, Ann Arbor, MI User Experience, Siebel Systems, Inc., 1855 South Grant Street, San Mateo, CA JL Humburg Associates, 480 Lytton Avenue, Suite 7, Palo Alto, CA corporate planning strategic usability CHI00-044 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Measuring usability: are effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction really correlated? Usability comprises the aspects effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. The correlations between these aspects are not well understood for complex tasks. We present data from an experiment where 87 subjects solved 20 information retrieval tasks concerning programming problems. The correlation between efficiency, as indicated by task completion time, and effectiveness, as indicated by quality of solution, was negligible. Generally, the correlations among the usability aspects depend in a complex way on the application domain, the user's experience, and the use context. Going through three years of CHI Proceedings, we find that 11 out of 19 experimental studies involving complex tasks account for only one or two aspects of usability. When these studies make claims concerning overall usability, they rely on risky assumptions about correlations between usability aspects. Unless domain specific studies suggest otherwise, effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction should be considered independent aspect of usability and all be included in usability testing. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance usability Management information retrieval usability testing experiment programming context efficiency Measurement user study usability testing Kasper Hornbæk University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Morten Hertzum information retrieval Erik Frøkjær usability measures effectiveness 2000 Centre for Human-Machine Interaction, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark satisfaction CHI00-045 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The streamlined cognitive walkthrough method, working around social constraints encountered in a software development company. The cognitive walkthrough method described by Wharton et al. may be difficult to apply in a large software development company because of social constraints that exist in such companies. Managers, developers, and other team members are pressured for time, tend to lapse into lengthy design discussions, and are sometimes defensive about their user-interface designs. By enforcing four ground rules, explicitly defusing defensiveness, and streamlining the cognitive walkthrough method and data collection procedures, these social constraints can be overcome, and useful, valid data can be obtained. This paper describes a modified cognitive walkthrough process that accomplishes these goals, and has been applied in a large software development company. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Measurement usability inspection cognitive walkthrough 2000 Rick Spencer CHI00-046 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Visual similarity of pen gestures. Pen-based user interfaces are becoming ever more popular. Gestures (i.e., marks made with a pen to invoke a command) are a valuable aspect of pen-based UIs, but they also have drawbacks. The challenge in designing good gestures is to make them easy for people to learn and remember. With the goal of better gesture design, we performed a pair of experiments to determine why users find gestures similar. From these experiments, we have derived a computational model for predicting perceived gesture similarity that correlates 0.56 with observation. We will incorporate the results of these experiments into a gesture design tool, which will aid the pen-based UI designer in creating gesture sets that are easier to learn and more memorable. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Experimentation Performance Management similarity University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA James A. Landay gestures pen Measurement pen-based user interfaces Lawrence A. Rowe pen-based user interfaces multi-dimensional scaling pen gestures A. Chris Long perception 2000 Joseph Michiels CHI00-047 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Providing integrated toolkit-level support for ambiguity in recognition-based interfaces. Interfaces based on recognition technologies are used extensively in both the commercial and research worlds. But recognizers are still error-prone, and this results in human performance problems, brittle dialogues, and other barriers to acceptance and utility of recognition systems. Interface techniques specialized to recognition systems can help reduce the burden of recognition errors, but building these interfaces depends on knowledge about the ambiguity inherent in recognition. We have extended a user interface toolkit in order to model and to provide structured support for ambiguity at the input event level. This makes it possible to build re-usable interface components for resolving ambiguity and dealing with recognition errors. These interfaces can help to reduce the negative effects of recognition errors. By providing these components at a toolkit level, we make it easier for application writers to provide good support for error handling. Further, with this robust support, we are able to explore new types of interfaces for resolving a more varied range of ambiguity. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Reliability input user interfaces Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA recognition errors Performance speech recognition Management Languages Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA toolkits Gregory D. Abowd toolkits interaction techniques Scott E. Hudson ambiguity Jennifer Mankoff pen-based interfaces 2000 ambiguous input input models recognition-based interfaces CHI00-048 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Programming and enjoying music with your eyes closed. Design and user evaluation of a multimodal interaction style for music programming is described. User requirements were instant usability and optional use of a visual display. The interaction style consists of a visual roller metaphor. User control of the rollers proceeds by manipulating a force feedback trackball. Tactual and auditory cues strengthen the roller impression and support use without a visual display. The evaluation investigated task performance and procedural learning when performing music programming tasks with and without a visual display. No procedural instructions were provided. Tasks could be completed successfully with and without a visual display, though programming without a display needed more time to complete. Prior experience with a visual display did not improve performance without a visual display. When working without a display, procedures have to be acquired and remembered explicitly, as more procedures were remembered after working without a visual display. It is demonstrated that multimodality provides new ways to interact with music. Human Factors CHI Design Theory learning multimodal multimodal interaction multimodal interaction Performance usability Management programming feedback music force feedback non-visual interaction Philips Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands user evaluation interface design 2000 Steffen Pauws Don Bouwhuis Berry Eggen IPO, Center for User-System Interaction, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands interactive music system CHI00-049 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Presenting to local and remote audiences: design and use of the TELEP system. The current generation of desktop computers and networks are bringing streaming audio and video into widespread use. A small investment allows presentations or lectures to be multicast, enabling passive viewing from offices or rooms. We surveyed experienced viewers of multicast presentations and designed a lightweight system that creates greater awareness in the presentation room of remote viewers and allows remote viewers to interact with each other and the speaker. We report on the design, use, and modification of the system, and discuss design tradeoffs. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA audio video awareness Anoop Gupta Jonathan Grudin Gavin Jancke 2000 streaming media tele-presentation CHI00-050 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Coming to the wrong decision quickly: why awareness tools must be matched with appropriate tasks. This paper presents an awareness tool designed to help distributed, asynchronous groups solve problems quickly. Using a lab study, it was found that groups that used the awareness tool tended to converge and agree upon a solution more quickly. However, it was also found that individuals who did not use the awareness tool got closer to the correct solution. Implications for the design of awareness tools are discussed, with particular attention paid to the importance of matching the features of an awareness tool with a workgroup's tasks and goals. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Performance Management attention awareness computer-mediated communication Measurement Robert E. Kraut distributed work J. J. Cadiz 2000 Alberto Espinosa Luis Rico-Gutierrez William Scherlis Glenn Lautenbacher School of Information Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA asynchronous work awareness devices task awareness workgroups CHI00-051 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Gaze communication using semantically consistent spaces. This paper presents a design for a user interface that supports improved gaze communication in multi-point video conferencing. We set out to use traditional computer displays to mediate the gaze of remote participants in a realistic manner. Previous approaches typically assume immersive displays, and use live video to animate avatars in a shared 3D virtual world. This shared world is then rendered from the viewpoint of the appropriate avatar to yield the required views of the virtual meeting. We show why such views of a shared space do not convey gaze information realistically when using traditional computer displays. We describe a new approach that uses a different arrangement of the avatars for each participant in order to preserve the semantic significance of gaze. We present a design process for arranging these avatars. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the new interface with experimental results. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Performance Management communication design process video 3d gaze gaze Measurement animation avatars avatars video conferencing 2000 Michael J. Taylor Simon M. Rowe Canon Research Centre Europe, Guildford GU2 5YJ, UK videophones virtual meeting CHI00-052 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Eye-hand co-ordination with force feedback. The term Eye-hand co-ordination refers to hand movements controlled with visual feedback and reinforced by hand contact with objects. A correct perspective view of a virtual environment enables normal eye-hand co-ordination skills to be applied. But is it necessary for rapid interaction with 3D objects? A study of rapid hand movements is reported using an apparatus designed so that the user can touch a virtual object in the same place where he or she sees it. A Fitts tapping task is used to assess the effect of both contact with virtual objects and real-time update of the centre of perspective based on the user's actual eye position. A Polhemus tracker is used to measure the user's head position and from this estimate their eye position. In half of the conditions, head tracked perspective is employed so that visual feedback is accurate while in the other half a fixed eye-position is assumed. A Phantom force feedback device is used to make it possible to touch the targets in selected conditions. Subjects were required to change their viewing position periodically to assess the importance of correct perspective and of touching the targets in maintaining eye-hand co-ordination, The results show that accurate perspective improves performance by an average of 9% and contact improves it a further 12%. A more detailed analysis shows the advantages of head tracking to be greater for whole arm movements in comparison with movements from the elbow. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management virtual reality virtual environments touch 3d interaction techniques feedback 3D interfaces Measurement haptic force feedback force feedback 2000 Roland Arsenault Colin Ware Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3 CHI00-053 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Putting the feel in ’look and feel‘. Haptic devices are now commercially available and thus touch has become a potentially realistic solution to a variety of interaction design challenges. We report on an investigation of the use of touch as a way of reducing visual overload in the conventional desktop. In a two-phase study, we investigated the use of the PHANToM haptic device as a means of interacting with a conventional graphical user interface. The first experiment compared the effects of four different haptic augmentations on usability in a simple targeting task. The second experiment involved a more ecologically-oriented searching and scrolling task. Results indicated that the haptic effects did not improve users performance in terms of task completion time. However, the number of errors made was significantly reduced. Subjective workload measures showed that participants perceived many aspects of workload as significantly less with haptics. The results are described and the implications for the use of haptics in user interface design are discussed. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Reliability user interfaces multimodal interaction Experimentation Performance usability Management interface design touch experiment graphical user interfaces user interface design scrolling haptic interaction design Measurement haptic Stephen Brewster University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom Ian Oakley Marilyn Rose McGee-Lennon force feedback 2000 Philip Gray CHI00-054 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Force-feedback improves performance for steering and combined steering-targeting tasks. The introduction of a force-feedback mouse, which provides high fidelity tactile cues via force output, may represent a long-awaited technological breakthrough in pointing device designs. However, there have been few studies examining the benefits of force-feedback for the desktop computer human interface. Ten adults performed eighty steering tasks, where the participants moved the cursor through a small tunnel with varying indices of difficulty using a conventional and force-feedback mouse. For the force-feedback condition, the mouse displayed force that pulled the cursor to the center of the tunnel. The tasks required both horizontal and vertical screen movements of the cursor. Movement times were on average 52 percent faster during the force-feedback condition when compared to the conventional mouse. Furthermore, for the conventional mouse vertical movements required more time to complete than horizontal screen movements. Another ten adults completed a combined steering and targeting task, where the participants navigated through a tunnel and then clicked a small box at the end of the tunnel. Again, force-feedback improved times to complete the task. Although movement times were slower than the pure steering task, the steering index of difficulty dominated the steering-targeting relationship. These results further support that human computer interfaces benefit from the additional sensory input of tactile cues to the human user. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Performance Management Algorithms Fitts' law pointing mouse tactile pointing devices feedback Measurement haptic force feedback force feedback David B. Martin 2000 Jack Tigh Dennerlein Christopher Hasser Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA Harvard University & Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH Stanford University & Immersion Corporation, 2158 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA index of difficulty steering task targeting task CHI00-055 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Power browser: efficient Web browsing for PDAs. We have designed and implemented new Web browsing facilities to support effective navigation on Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with limited capabilities: low bandwidth, small display, and slow CPU. The implementation supports wireless browsing from 3Com's Palm Pilot. An HTTP proxy fetches web pages on the client's behalf and dynamically generates summary views to be transmitted to the client. These summaries represent both the link structure and contents of a set of web pages, using information about link importance. We discuss the architecture, user interface facilities, and the results of comparative performance evaluations. We measured a 45% gain in browsing speed, and a 42% reduction in required pen movements. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Performance Management browsing navigation pen PDA Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Measurement web web browsing Terry Winograd Hector Garcia-Molina Andreas Paepcke pdas browser wireless PalmPilot Orkut Buyukkokten 2000 HTTP proxy CHI00-056 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems A diary study of information capture in working life. Despite the increasing number of new devices entering the market allowing the capture or recording of information (whether it be marks on paper, scene, sound or moving images), there has been little study of when and why people want to do these kinds of activities. In an effort to systematically explore design requirements for new kinds of information capture devices, we devised a diary study of 22 individuals in a range of different jobs. The data were used to construct a taxonomy as a framework for design and analysis. Design implications are drawn from the framework and applied to the design of digital cameras and hand held scanners. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management Documentation PDA Measurement Abigail Sellen Barry Brown diary study diary study Kenton O'Hara appliances 2000 Appliance Design Group, Hewlett-Packard Labs, Filton Road, Stoke Gifford, Bristol BS34 8QZ, UK digital cameras document use information capture scanners voice recorders CHI00-057 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Instrumental interaction: an interaction model for designing post-WIMP user interfaces. This article introduces a new interaction model called Instrumental Interaction that extends and generalizes the principles of direct manipulation. It covers existing interaction styles, including traditional WIMP interfaces, as well as new interaction styles such as two-handed input and augmented reality. It defines a design space for new interaction techniques and a set of properties for comparing them. Instrumental Interaction describes graphical user interfaces in terms of domain objects and interaction instruments. Interaction between users and domain objects is mediated by interaction instruments, similar to the tools and instruments we use in the real world to interact with physical objects. The article presents the model, applies it to describe and compare a number of interaction techniques, and shows how it was used to create a new interface for searching and replacing text. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input user interfaces Performance Management Michel Beaudouin-Lafon interaction techniques graphical user interfaces direct manipulation direct manipulation Measurement augmented reality instrumental interaction University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark post-WIMP interfaces interaction models 2000 WIMP interfaces CHI00-058 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Anchored conversations: chatting in the context of a document. This paper describes an application-independent tool called Anchored Conversations that brings together text-based conversations and documents. The design of Anchored Conversations is based on our observations of the use of documents and text chats in collaborative settings. We observed that chat spaces support work conversations, but they do not allow the close integration of conversations with work documents that can be seen when people are working together face-to-face. Anchored Conversations directly addresses this problem by allowing text chats to be anchored into documents. Anchored Conversations also facilitates document sharing; accepting an invitation to an anchored conversation results in the document being automatically uploaded. In addition, Anchored Conversations provides support for review, catch-up and asynchronous communications through a database. In this paper we describe motivating fieldwork, the design of Anchored Conversations, a scenario of use, and some preliminary results from a user study. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Performance Management CSCW sharing conversation documents Documentation Languages context Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Les Nelson conversation chat collaboration University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Elizabeth F. Churchill Sara Bly asynchronous communication 2000 Jonathan Trevor Davor Cubranic Sara Bly Consulting, 24511 NW Moreland Road, North Plains, OR shared documents sticky chats synchronous communication text-based chat CHI00-059 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The social life of small graphical chat spaces. This paper provides a unique quantitative analysis of the social dynamics of three chat rooms in the Microsoft V-Chat graphical chat system. Survey and behavioral data were used to study user experience and activity. 150 V-Chat participants completed a web-based survey, and data logs were collected from three V-Chat rooms over the course of 119 days. This data illustrates the usage patterns of graphical chat systems, and highlights the ways physical proxemics are translated into social interactions in online environments. V-Chat participants actively used gestures, avatars, and movement as part of their social interactions. Analyses of clustering patterns and movement data show that avatars were used to provide nonverbal cues similar to those found in face-to-face interactions. However, use of some graphical features, in particular gestures, declined as users became more experienced with the system. These findings have implications for the design and study of online interactive environments. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA social interfaces Languages gestures computer-mediated communication Measurement chat clustering Shelly Farnham survey Steven M. Drucker user experience avatars avatars online communities Marc A. Smith log file analysis social cyberspaces virtual communities 2000 empirical analysis graphical chat proxemics CHI00-060 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The effect of communication modality on cooperation in online environments. One of the most robust findings in the sociological literature is the positive effect of communication on cooperation and trust. When individuals are able to communicate, cooperation increases significantly. How does the choice of communication modality influence this effect? We adapt the social dilemma research paradigm to quantitatively analyze different modes of communication. Using this method, we compare four forms of communication: no communication, text-chat, text-to-speech, and voice. We found statistically significant differences between different forms of communication, with the voice condition resulting in the highest levels of cooperation. Our results highlight the importance of striving towards the use of more immediate forms of communication in online environments, especially where trust and cooperation are essential. In addition, our research demonstrates the applicability of the social dilemma paradigm in testing the extent to which communication modalities promote the development of trust and cooperation. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA CSCW social interfaces communication Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA computer-mediated communication Measurement chat collaboration Shelly Farnham trust Steven M. Drucker Carlos Jensen social dilemmas online interaction 2000 Peter Kollock Department of Sociology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA CHI00-061 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Using a large projection screen as an alternative to head-mounted displays for virtual environments. Head-mounted displays for virtual environments facilitate an immersive experience that seems more real than an experience provided by a desk-top monitor [18]; however, the cost of head-mounted displays can prohibit their use. An empirical study was conducted investigating differences in spatial knowledge learned for a virtual environment presented in three viewing conditions: head-mounted display, large projection screen, and desk-top monitor. Participants in each condition were asked to reproduce their cognitive map of a virtual environment, which had been developed during individual exploration of the environment along a predetermined course. Error scores were calculated, indicating the degree to which each participant's map differed from the actual layout of the virtual environment. No statistically significant difference was found between the head-mounted display and large projection screen conditions. An implication of this result is that a large projection screen may be an effective, inexpensive substitute for a head-mounted display. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Reliability Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Experimentation Performance Management empirical study virtual reality virtual environments Thom Verratti Measurement experiment Aleksandra Slavkovic field of view Jennifer A. Rode cognitive maps 2000 Dennis Cosgrove head-mounted display Emilee Patrick Greg Chiselko User Centered Research, Motorola Labs, 1301 E. Algonquin Rd., Schaumburg IL and Human Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA monitor projection screen spatial knowledge CHI00-062 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Alice: lessons learned from building a 3D system for novices. We present lessons learned from developing Alice, a 3D graphics programming environment designed for undergraduates with no 3D graphics or programming experience. Alice is a Windows 95/NT tool for describing the time-based and interactive behavior of 3D objects, not a CAD tool for creating object geometry. Our observations and conclusions come from formal and informal observations of hundreds of users. Primary results include the use of LOGO-style egocentric coordinate systems, the use of arbitrary objects as lightweight coordinate systems, the launching of implicit threads of execution, extensive function overloading for a small set of commands, the careful choice of command names, and the ubiquitous use of animation and undo. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Performance Management animation programming 3d Measurement University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 2000 Dennis Cosgrove Matthew Conway Steve Audia Tommy Burnette Kevin Christiansen animation authoring tools interactive 3D graphics CHI00-063 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The Task Gallery: a 3D window manager. The Task Gallery is a window manager that uses interactive 3D graphics to provide direct support for task management and document comparison, lacking from many systems implementing the desktop metaphor. User tasks appear as artwork hung on the walls of a virtual art gallery, with the selected task on a stage. Multiple documents can be selected and displayed side-by-side using 3D space to provide uniform and intuitive scaling. The Task Gallery hosts any Windows application, using a novel redirection mechanism that routes input and output between the 3D environment and unmodified 2D Windows applications. User studies suggest that the Task Gallery helps with task management, is enjoyable to use, and that the 3D metaphor evokes spatial memory and cognition. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input user study Experimentation Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA George G. Robertson Mary Czerwinski Maarten van Dantzich documents Documentation 3d Ken Hinckley 3D user interfaces Measurement memory spatial memory spatial cognition spatial memory Daniel Robbins 2000 Kirsten Risden David Thiel Vadim Gorokhovsky window managers CHI00-064 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems A comparison of tools for building GOMS models. We compare three tools for creating GOMS models, QGOMS [2), CATHCI (17) and GLEAN3 [12], along several dimensions. We examine the representation and available constructs in each tool, the qualitative and quantitative design information provided, the support for building cognitively plausible models, and pragmatics about using each tool (e.g., how easy it is to modify a model). While each tool has its strengths, they all leave something to be desired as a practical UI design tool. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Performance Management Bonnie E. John Michael D. Byrne GOMS Measurement goms 2000 Lynn K. Baumeister Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, TX tool support for evaluation CHI00-065 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems DENIM: finding a tighter fit between tools and practice for Web site design. Through a study of web site design practice, we observed that web site designers design sites at different levels of refinement—site map, storyboard, and individual page—and that designers sketch at all levels during the early stages of design. However, existing web design tools do not support these tasks very well. Informed by these observations, we created DENIM, a system that helps web site designers in the early stages of design. DENIM supports sketching input, allows design at different refinement levels, and unifies the levels through zooming. We performed an informal evaluation with seven professional designers and found that they reacted positively to the concept and were interested in using such a system in their work. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Performance Management University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA James A. Landay James Lin sketching pen-based computers Jason I. Hong zooming zoomable user interfaces (ZUIs) web design rapid prototyping Mark W. Newman sketching web design 2000 informal CHI00-066 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Tool support for cooperative object-oriented design: gesture based modelling on an electronic whiteboard. Modeling is important in object-oriented software development. Although a number of Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools are available, and even though some are technically advanced, few developers use them. This paper describes our attempt to examine the requirements needed to provide tool support for the development process, and describes and evaluates a tool, Knight, which has been developed based on these requirements. The tool is based on a direct, whiteboard-like interaction achieved using gesture input on a large electronic whiteboard. So far the evaluations have been successful and the tool shows the potential of greatly enhancing current support for object-oriented modeling. Human Factors CHI Design Theory cooperative design input Performance Management gestures user study University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark gesture input gesture input Michael Thomsen 2000 Christian Heide Damm Klaus Marius Hansen CASE tools electronic whiteboards object-oriented modeling CHI00-067 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The cubic mouse: a new device for three-dimensional input. We have developed a new input device that allows users to intuitively specify three-dimensional coordinates in graphics applications. The device consists of a cube-shaped box with three perpendicular rods passing through the center and buttons on the top for additional control. The rods represent the X, Y, and Z axes of a given coordinate system. Pushing and pulling the rods specifies constrained motion along the corresponding axes. Embedded within the device is a six degree of freedom tracking sensor, which allows the rods to be continually aligned with a coordinate system located in a virtual world. We have integrated the device into two visualization prototypes for crash engineers and geologists from oil and gas companies. In these systems the Cubic Mouse controls the position and orientation of a virtual model and the rods move three orthogonal cutting or slicing planes through the model. We have evaluated the device with experts from these domains, who were enthusiastic about its ease of use. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Performance Management virtual reality visualization input devices two-handed interaction user interface hardware Bernd Fröhlich 2000 John Plate GMD/IMK.VE, D-53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany CHI00-068 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The role of contextual haptic and visual constraints on object manipulation in virtual environments. An experiment was conducted to investigate the role of surrounding haptic and visual information on object manipulation in a virtual environment. The contextual haptic constraints were implemented with a physical table and the contextual visual constraints included a checkerboard background (“virtual table”). It was found that the contextual haptic constraints (the physical table surface) dramatically increased object manipulation speed, but slightly reduced spatial accuracy, compared to free space. The contextual visual constraints (presence of the checkerboard) actually showed detrimental effects on both object manipulation speed and accuracy. Implications of these findings for human-computer interaction design are discussed. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management 3D virtual reality virtual environments experiment presence human-computer interaction haptic human performance Christine L. MacKenzie Yanqing Wang controls and displays docking interaction design Measurement force feedback 2000 School of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada augmented environment degrees of freedom graphic interface haptic information task context visual information CHI00-069 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Non-isomorphic 3D rotational techniques. This paper demonstrates how non-isomorphic rotational mappings and interaction techniques can be designed and used to build effective spatial 3D user interfaces. In this paper, we develop a mathematical framework allowing us to design non-isomorphic 3D rotational mappings and techniques, investigate their usability properties, and evaluate their user performance characteristics. The results suggest that non-isomorphic rotational mappings can be an effective tool in building high-quality manipulation dialogs in 3D interfaces, allowing our subjects to accomplish experimental tasks 13% faster without a statistically detectable loss in accuracy. The current paper will help interface designers to use non-isomorphic rotational mappings effectively. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Experimentation Performance usability Management interaction techniques 3d interaction techniques 3D user interfaces Measurement University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Sidney Fels Ivan Poupyrev 3d user interfaces motor control 2000 Suzanne Weghorst ATR MIC Research Laboratories, 2-2 Hikaridai, Seika, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-02, Japan 6DOF input devices interactive 3D rotations CHI00-070 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Joking, storytelling, artsharing, expressing affection: a field trial of how children and their social network communicate with digital images in leisure time. Increasing use of mobile phones in leisure and communication with digital images are important and current issues in the field of telecommunications. However, little is known about how images would be used in leisure related communication. According to our experience field trials are the best way of studying it. In this paper, we describe a field-trial case study of leisure related communication with digital images. Moreover, we discuss the advantages of conducting field trials as part of product concept design process. Human Factors CHI Design Theory children children Performance Management communication mobile design process storytelling Measurement prototypes field trial Helsinki University of Technology and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland social networks Manfred Tscheligi CURE - Center for Usability Research & Engineering, Vienna, Austria families field trial mobile phones leisure Reinhard Sefelin wireless communication 2000 Ann Mäkelä Verena Giller digital images product concept design CHI00-071 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing storytelling technologies to encouraging collaboration between young children. We describe the iterative design of two collaborative storytelling technologies for young children, KidPad and the Klump. We focus on the idea of designing interfaces to subtly encourage collaboration so that children are invited to discover the added benefits of working together. This idea has been motivated by our experiences of using early versions of our technologies in schools in Sweden and the UK. We compare the approach of encouraging collaboration with other approaches to synchronizing shared interfaces. We describe how we have revised the technologies to encourage collaboration and to reflect design suggestions made by the children themselves. Human Factors CHI Design Theory children Allison Druin children Performance Management CSCW storytelling education collaboration Benjamin B. Bederson single display groupware (SDG) University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Steve Benford Danaë Stanton Fraser Claire O'Malley CSCL Victor Bayon Rob Ingram Helen Neale 2000 Juan Pablo Hourcade Karl-Petter Åkesson Pär Hansson Kristian T. Simsarian Yngve Sundblad Gustav Taxén The Swedish Institute of Computer Science, SICS, Stockholm, Sweden and The University of Maryland, College Park, MD The Swedish Institute of Computer Science, SICS, Stockholm, Sweden The Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden and The University of Maryland, College Park, MD The Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden CHI00-072 April 01, 2000 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Storytelling with digital photographs. Photographs play a central role in many types of informal storytelling. This paper describes an easy-to-use device that enables digital photos to be used in a manner similar to print photos for sharing personal stories. A portable form factor combined with a novel interface supports local sharing like a conventional photo album as well as recording of stories that can be sent to distant friends and relatives. User tests validate the design and reveal that people alternate between “photo-driven” and “story-driven” strategies when telling stories about their photos. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management sharing browsing storytelling digital storytelling digital photography digital photograph Gregory J. Wolff 2000 Marko Balabanovi? Lonny L. Chu Ricoh Silicon Valley, 2882 Sand Hill Road, Suite 115, Menlo Park, CA multimedia organization CHI01-001 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Scale effects in steering law tasks. Interaction tasks on a computer screen can technically be scaled to a much larger or much smaller sized input control area by adjusting the input device's control gain or the control-display (C-D) ratio. However, human performance as a function of movement scale is not a well concluded topic. This study introduces a new task paradigm to study the scale effect in the framework of the steering law. The results confirmed a U-shaped performance-scale function and rejected straight-line or no-effect hypotheses in the literature. We found a significant scale effect in path steering performance, although its impact was less than that of the steering law's index of difficulty. We analyzed the scale effects in two plausible causes: movement joints shift and motor precision limitation. The theoretical implications of the scale effects to the validity of the steering law, and the practical implications of input device size and zooming functions are discussed in the paper. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Performance input devices input devices Shumin Zhai IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA steering law Johnny Accot steering law movement scale zooming finger control gain hand 2001 motor control Centre d'Études de la Navigation Aérienne, 7 avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse cedex, France C-D ratio arm device size elbow joints limb wrist CHI01-002 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Accuracy measures for evaluating computer pointing devices. In view of the difficulties in evaluating computer pointing devices across different tasks within dynamic and complex systems, new performance measures are needed. This paper proposes seven new accuracy measures to elicit (sometimes subtle) differences among devices in precision pointing tasks. The measures are target re-entry, task axis crossing, movement direction change, orthogonal direction change, movement variability, movement error, and movement offset. Unlike movement time, error rate, and throughput, which are based on a single measurement per trial, the new measures capture aspects of movement behaviour during a trial. The theoretical basis and computational techniques for the measures are described, with examples given. An evaluation with four pointing devices was conducted to validate the measures. A causal relationship to pointing device efficiency (viz. throughput) was found, as was an ability to discriminate among devices in situations where differences did not otherwise appear. Implications for pointing device research are discussed. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Reliability Performance pointing I. Scott MacKenzie Measurement Nokia Research Center, Finland 2001 Miika Silfverberg Tatu Kauppinen Dept. of Computer Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3 computer pointing devices cursor positioning tasks performance evaluation performance measurement CHI01-003 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Laser pointer interaction. Group meetings and other non-desk situations require that people be able to interact at a distance from a display surface. This paper describes a technique using a laser pointer and a camera to accomplish just such interactions. Calibration techniques are given to synchronize the display and camera coordinates. A series of interactive techniques are described for navigation and entry of numbers, times, dates, text, enumerations and lists of items. The issues of hand jitter, detection error, slow sampling and latency are discussed in each of the interactive techniques. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management navigation Dan R. Olsen, Jr. Measurement camera-based interaction 2001 Travis Nielsen Computer Science Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT group interaction laser pointer interaction CHI01-004 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Listen reader: an electronically augmented paper-based book. While predictions abound that electronic books will supplant traditional paper-based books, many people bemoan the coming loss of the book as cultural artifact. In this project we deliberately keep the affordances of paper books while adding electronic augmentation. The Listen Reader combines the look and feel of a real book - a beautiful binding, paper pages and printed images and text - with the rich, evocative quality of a movie soundtrack. The book's multi-layered interactive soundtrack consists of music and sound effects. Electric field sensors located in the book binding sense the proximity of the reader's hands and control audio parameters, while RFID tags embedded in each page allow fast, robust page identification.Three different Listen Readers were built as part of a six-month museum exhibit, with more than 350,000 visitors. This paper discusses design, implementation, and lessons learned through the iterative design process, observation, and visitor interviews. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management audio Documentation Languages sensors augmented reality Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA RFID tags design process Jonathan Cohen interviews music museums sound design gesture input exhibits Maribeth Back 2001 Steve Harrison Rich Gold Scott Minneman audio books augmented books electronic books embedded tags interactive audio interactive books interactive museum multimodal i/o new genres page detection smart documents CHI01-005 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Exploiting interactivity, influence, space and time to explore non-linear drama in virtual worlds. We present four contrasting interfaces to allow multiple viewers to explore 3D recordings of dramas in on-line virtual worlds. The first is an on-line promenade performance to an audience of avatars. The second is a form of immersive cinema, with multiple simultaneous viewpoints. The third is a tabletop projection surface that allows viewers to select detailed views from a bird's-eye overview. The fourth is a linear television broadcast created by a director or editor. A comparison of these examples shows how a viewing audience can exploit four general resources - interactivity, influence, space, and time - to make sense of complex, non-linear virtual drama. These resources provide interaction designers with a general framework for defining the relationship between the audience and the 3D content. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management virtual reality virtual worlds 3d John Bowers tabletop University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Chris Greenhalgh Steve Benford avatars Mike Fraser Adam Drozd Ian Taylor 2001 Mike Craven Jim Purbrick Kai-Mikael Jää-Aro Bernd Lintermann Michael Hoch NADA, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden ZKM - Zentrum für Kunst, und Medientechnologie, Lorenzstra?e 19, 76135 Karlsruhe, Germany Sony Electronics DSL, San Jose and ZKM - Zentrum für Kunst, und Medientechnologie, Lorenzstra?e 19, 76135 Karlsruhe, Germany enterainment applications CHI01-006 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Orchestrating a mixed reality performance. A study of a professional touring mixed reality performance called Desert Rain yields insights into how performers orchestrate players' engagement in an interactive experience. Six players at a time journey through an extended physical and virtual set. Each sees a virtual world projected onto a screen made from a fine water spray. This acts as a traversable interface, supporting the illusion that performers physically pass between real and virtual worlds. Live and video-based observations of Desert Rain, coupled with interviews with players and the production team, have revealed how the performers create conditions for the willing suspension of disbelief, and how they monitor and intervene in the players experience without breaking their engagement. This involves carefully timed performances and “off-face” and “virtual” interventions. In turn, these are supported by the ability to monitor players' physical and virtual activity through asymmetric interfaces. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management virtual worlds video interviews University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Boriana Koleva Holger Schnädelbach Chris Greenhalgh Steve Benford Dirk vom Lehn Christian Heath performance Mike Fraser mixed reality Ju Row-Farr Matt Adams Blast Theory, London, UK mixed reality Ian Taylor 2001 The Management Centre, Kings College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 8WA, UK traversable interfaces CHI01-007 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Cookies and Web browser design: toward realizing informed consent online. We first provide criteria for assessing informed consent online. Then we examine how cookie technology and Web browser designs have responded to concerns about informed consent. Specifically, we document relevant design changes in Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer over a 5-year period, starting in 1995. Our retrospective analyses leads us to conclude that while cookie technology has improved over time regarding informed consent, some startling problems remain. We specify six of these problems and offer design remedies. This work fits within the emerging field of Value-Sensitive Design. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management human-computer interaction World Wide Web documents social computing Measurement privacy Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA personalization web browser University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA security web browser tracking interface design e-commerce Edward W. Felten Batya Friedman ethics human values 2001 social impact locus of control online interaction informed consent Lynette I. Millett Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, NJ Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator Value-Sensitive Design computer ethics cookies e-business CHI01-008 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Empirically validated web page design metrics. A quantitative analysis of a large collection of expert-rated web sites reveals that page-level metrics can accurately predict if a site will be highly rated. The analysis also provides empirical evidence that important metrics, including page composition, page formatting, and overall page characteristics, differ among web site categories such as education, community, living, and finance. These results provide an empirical foundation for web site design guidelines and also suggest which metrics can be most important for evaluation via user studies. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Performance Management World Wide Web University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Measurement community education empirical study Marti A. Hearst Melody Y. Ivory automated usability evaluation web site design 2001 Rashmi R. Sinha CHI01-009 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems What makes Web sites credible? a report on a large quantitative study. The credibility of web sites is becoming an increasingly important area to understand. To expand knowledge in this domain, we conducted an online study that investigated how different elements of Web sites affect people's perception of credibility. Over 1400 people participated in this study, both from the U.S. and Europe, evaluating 51 different Web site elements. The data showed which elements boost and which elements hurt perceptions of Web credibility. Through analysis we found these elements fell into one of seven factors. In order of impact, the five types of elements that increased credibility perceptions were “real-world feel”, “ease of use”, “expertise”, “trustworthiness”, and “tailoring”. The two types of elements that hurt credibility were “commercial implications” and “amateurism”. This large-scale study lays the groundwork for further research into the elements that affect Web credibility. The results also suggest implications for designing credible Web sites. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Reliability Performance Management World Wide Web affect Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA B. J. Fogg credibility expertise captology trustworthiness Measurement usability web design 2001 Jonathan Marshall Othman Laraki Alex Osipovich Chris Varma Nicholas Fang Jyoti Paul Akshay Rangnekar John Shon Preeti Swani Marissa Treinen online research CHI01-010 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Improving the performance of the cyberlink mental interface with “yes / no program”. We summarise the results of the first studies to investigate the Cyberlink brain body interface as an assistive technology. Three phases of studies and a contextual inquiry were performed with a range of users. A focus group was formed from brain-injured users with locked-in syndrome who have no other method of communication or control of a computer than the Cyberlink. Versions of a Yes/No program were then created to allow communication and have achieved some success with the focus group. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how this program has been improved and what steps need to be taken to create communication programs for persons with severe motor impairment. As a result of our experiences, we have been able to develop a set of design guidelines for brain-body interface operated Yes/No programs. These are presented and justified on the basis of our experiences. We also raise some general issues for assistive technologies of this nature. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance communication Gilbert Cockton assistive technology assistive technology Chris Bloor cyberlink 2001 Eamon Doherty Dennis Benigno School of Computing, Engineering and Technology, University of Sunderland, P.O. Box 299, Sunderland, SR6 OYN, UK Trustee of Neurological Institute of N.J., Parent of Focus Group Member, 270 Hazel Avenue, Clifton, New Jersey locked in syndrome mental interface ody interface CHI01-011 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Responding to subtle, fleeting changes in the user's internal state. In human-to-human interaction, people sometimes are able to pick up and respond sensitively to the other's internal state as it shifts moment by moment over the course of an exchange. To find out whether such an ability is worthwhile for computer human interfaces, we built a semi-automated tutoring-type spoken dialog system. The system inferred information about the user's \scare{ephemeral emotions}, such as confidence, confusion, pleasure, and dependency, from the prosody of his utterances and the context. It used this information to select the most appropriate acknowledgement form at each moment. In doing so the system was following some of the basic social conventions for real-time interaction. Users rated the system with this ability more highly than a version without. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management emotion context social interaction feedback 2001 tutoring Wataru Tsukahara Nigel Ward Hitachi Central Research Labs, 1-280 Higashi-Koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8601 Japan Mech-Info Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan Japanese acknowledgements ephemeral emotions non-verbal prosody real-time responsive spoken dialog CHI01-012 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems An “independent visual background” reduced balance disturbance envoked by visual scene motion: implication for alleviating simulator sickness. Simulator sickness (SS) / virtual environment (VE) sickness is expected to become increasingly troublesome as VE technology evolves [20]. Procedures to alleviate SS / VE sickness have been of limited value [12]. This paper investigated a possible procedure to reduce SS and VE sickness. Postural disturbance was evoked by visual scene motion at different frequencies. Differences in disturbance were examined as a function of simultaneous exposure to an “independent visual background” (IVB). Eight subjects were tested at two scene motion frequencies and three different IVB conditions using a within-subjects design. An expected statistically significant interaction between IVB condition and frequency was observed. For low frequency scene movements, subjects exhibited less balance disturbance when the IVB was presented. We suggest that an IVB may alleviate disturbance when conflicting visual and inertial cues are likely to result in simulator or VE sickness. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management virtual reality virtual environments virtual environments Measurement University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA simulator sickness 2001 Henry Been-Lirn Duh Donald E. Parker Thomas A. Furness cybersickness self-motion perception CHI01-013 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Layered participatory analysis: new developments in the CARD technique. CARD (Collaborative Analysis of Requirements and Design) is an influential technique for participatory design and participatory analysis that is in use on three continents. This paper reviews three case studies that document the development of a layered CARD approach, which distinguishes among the following: (1) observable, formal components, (2) skill and craft, and (3) interpretative description. The layered approach simplifies the CARD materials, and moves the deliberately informal technique toward a more principled analysis. Human Factors CHI Design Theory participatory design Performance Management documents Michael J. Muller participatory design work analysis 2001 Lotus Development Corporation, 55 Cambridge Parkway, Cambridge MA CARD PANDA participatory analysis CHI01-014 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Building a human factors “knowledge shelf” as a collaborative information tool for designers. Human factors professionals have long been challenged with finding an effective way of communicating critical human factors design information to product designers. The authors have created a tool called a “Knowledge Shelf” for providing human factors information to designers in a very easy to use manner. The Knowledge Shelf is an interactive virtual library of information on human factors methodologies and data relevant to the specific product development needs of designers. Available through the Motorola Intranet, the Knowledge Shelf is designed to make human factors design information easily accessible. Providing these types of information to designers positively impacts the product development process, by facilitating more user-centered design practices. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user-centered design Performance Management Documentation industrial design collaborative work information sharing 2001 Brian H. Philips Moin Rahman Jari Järvinen Motorola, Design Integration - Human Factors, Communications Enterprise, 8000 West Sunrise Boulevard, Fort Lauderdale, FL engineering knowledge shelf product development CHI01-015 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Global-software development lifecycle: an exploratory study. This study was conducted to explore the efficacy of the global-software development lifecycle (global-SDLC), which comprises design, implementation and usability evaluation phase. A spreadsheet was adapted using the global-SDLC process to accommodate a number of cultures. The design and implementation phases were efficacious. However, in the usability evaluation phase, the usability evaluation techniques were only efficacious when participants, who were experienced computer users and participants who were familiar with the experimenter, were employed. Explanations, from cultural literature such as Hofstede, are presented and implications of these findings on the usability evaluation phase and the global-SDLC are also described. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance usability Management Measurement usability evaluation usability evaluation localization 2001 Alvin W. Yeo Faculty of Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia Hoftede's cultural dimensions global-software development internationalisation CHI01-016 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Ignoring perfect knowledge in-the-world for imperfect knowledge in-the-head. Memory can be internal or external - knowledge in-the-world or knowledge in-the-head. Making needed information available in an interface may seem the perfect alternative to relying on imperfect memory. However, the rational analysis framework (Anderson, 1990) suggests that least-effort tradeoffs may lead to imperfect performance even when perfect knowledge in-the-world is readily available. The implications of rational analysis for interactive behavior are investigated in two experiments. In experiment 1 we varied the perceptual-motor effort of accessing knowledge in-the-world as well as the cognitive effort of retrieving items from memory. In experiment 2 we replicated one of the experiment 1 conditions to collect eye movement data. The results suggest that milliseconds matter. Least-effort tradeoffs are adopted even when the absolute difference in effort between a perceptual-motor versus a memory strategy is small, and even when adopting a memory strategy results in a higher error rate and lower performance. Human Factors CHI experiment eye tracking eye movements eye movements memory Wai-Tat Fu errors interface design direct-manipulation interfaces 2001 Wayne D. Gray Human Factors and Applied Cognition, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA cognitive least-effort interactive bahavior rational analysis satisficing CHI01-017 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Predicting the effects of in-car interfaces on driver behavior using a cognitive architecture. When designing and evaluating in-car user interfaces for drivers, it is essential to determine what effects these interfaces may have on driver behavior and performance. This paper describes a novel approach to predicting effects of in-car interfaces by modeling behavior in a cognitive architecture. A cognitive architecture is a theoretical frame-work for building computational models of cognition and performance. The proposed approach centers on integrating a user model for the interface with an existing driver model that accounts for basic aspects of driver behavior (e.g., steering and speed control). By running the integrated model and having it interact with the interface while driving, we can generate a priori predictions of the effects of interface use on driver performance. The paper illustrates the approach by comparing four representative dialing interfaces for an in-car, hands-free cellular phone. It also presents an empirical study that validates several of the qualitative and quantitative predictions of the model. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Experimentation Performance Management empirical study cognitive models Dario D. Salvucci cell phones cell phones Measurement cognitive architectures driving driving user models ACT-R 2001 Nissan Cambridge Basic Research, Four Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA in-car interfaces CHI01-018 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Towards demystification of direct manipulation: cognitive modeling charts the gulf of execution. Direct manipulation involves a large number of interacting psychological mechanisms that make the performance of a given interface hard to predict on intuitive or informal grounds. This paper applies cognitive modeling to explain the subtle effects produced by using a keypad versus a touchscreen in a performance-critical laboratory task. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA David Kieras cognitive modeling direct manipulation direct manipulation Measurement cognitive modeling 2001 David Meyer James Ballas Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. CHI01-019 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Visualization components for persistent conversations. An appropriately designed interface to persistent, threaded conversations could reinforce socially beneficial behavior by prominently featuring how frequently and to what degree each user exhibits such behaviors. Based on the data generated by the Netscan data-mining project [9], we have developed a set of tools for illustrating the structure of discussion threads like those found in Usenet newsgroups and the patterns of participation within the discussions. We describe the benefits and challenges of integrating these tools into a multi-faceted dashboard for navigating and reading discussions in social cyberspaces like Usenet and related interaction media. Visualizations of the structure of online discussions have applications for research into the sociology of online groups as well as possible interface designs for their members. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA conversation visualization visualization Documentation Andrew T. Fiore Marc A. Smith newsgroups Usenet social cyberspaces persistent conversations 2001 asynchronous threaded discussions CHI01-020 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Time Aura: interfaces for pacing. Historically one of the visions for human-computer symbiosis has been to augment human intelligence and extend people's cognitive abilities. In this paper, we present two visually-based systems to enhance a person's ability to flexibly control their pace while engaged in a cognitively demanding activity. In these investigations, we explore pacing interfaces that minimize the cognitive demands for assessing a current pace, provide ambient cues that can be quickly interpreted without incurring significant interruption from the current task, and place knowledge in the world to flexibly support different pacing strategies. Evaluation of our pacing interfaces shows that technology can successfully support pacing. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management ubiquitous computing Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Elizabeth D. Mynatt interruption Measurement Michael Terry Lena Mamykina pacing visual interfaces 2001 CHI01-021 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Doom as an interface for process management. This paper explores a novel interface to a system administration task. Instead of creating an interface de novo for the task, the author modified a popular computer game, Doom, to perform useful work. The game was chosen for its appeal to the target audience of system administrators. The implementation described is not a mature application, but it illustrates important points about user interfaces and our relationship with computers. The applications relies on a computer game vernacular rather than the simulations of physical reality found in typical navigable virtual environments. Using a computer game vocabulary may broaden an application's audience by providing sn intuitive environment for children and non-technical users. In addition, the application highlights the adversarial relationships that exist in a computer and suggests a new resource allocation scheme. Human Factors CHI Design Theory children user interfaces Performance Management virtual environments visualization 3D user interfaces games video games first person shooter (FPS) metaphor 2001 Dennis Chao Computer Science Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM Doom Post-Modernism cyberspace operating systems vernacular CHI01-022 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Shall we mix synthetic speech and human speech? impact on users' performance, perception, and attitude. Because it is impractical to record human voice for ever-changing dynamic content such as email messages and news, many commercial speech applications use human speech for fixed prompts and synthetic speech (TTS) for the dynamic content. However, this mixing approach may not be optimal from a consistency perspective. A 2-condition between-group experiment (N = 24) was conducted to compare two versions of a virtual-assistant interface (mixing human voice and TTS vs. TTS-only). Users interacted with the virtual assistant to manage some email and calendar tasks. Their task performance, self-perception of task performance, and attitudinal responses were measured. Users interacting with the TTS-only interface performed the task significantly better, while users interacting with the mixed-voices interface thought they did better and had more positive attitudinal responses. Explanations and design implications are suggested. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech Performance Management Languages experiment email Measurement Jennifer Lai consistency 2001 Li Gong email and calendar speech applications telephone-based solution virtual assistant CHI01-023 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Effects of spatial audio on memory, comprehension, and preference during desktop conferences. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of spatial audio on memory, focal assurance, perceived comprehension and listener preferences during desktop conferences. Nineteen participants listened to six, pre-recorded, desktop conferences. Each conference was presented using either non-spatial audio, co-located spatial audio, or scaled spatial audio, and during half of the conferences, static visual representations of the conferees were present. In the co-located condition, each conferees voice originated from directly above their image on the screen, and in the scaled spatial audio condition, the spatial separation between conferee voices was increased beyond the visual separation. Results showed that spatial audio improved all measures, increasing memory, focal assurance, and perceived comprehension. In addition, participants preferred spatial audio to non-spatial audio. No strong differences were found in the visual conditions, or between the co-located spatial condition and the scaled spatial conditions. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management 3D audio experiment communication audio Measurement memory University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA memory sound 2001 comprehension perception Jessica J. Baldis focal assurance spatial user preference CHI01-024 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Quiet calls: talking silently on mobile phones. Quiet Calls is a technology allowing mobile telephone users to respond to telephone conversations without talking aloud. QC-Hold, a Quiet Calls prototype, combines three buttons for responding to calls with a PDA/mobile phone unit to silently send pre-recorded audio directly into the phone. This permits a mixed-mode communication where callers in public settings use a quiet means of communication, and other callers experience a voice telephone call. An evaluation of QC-Hold shows that it is easily used and suggests ways in which Quiet Calls offers a new form of communication, extending the choices offered by synchronous phone calling and asynchronous voicemail. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management audio conversation communication interaction design Languages mobile Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Les Nelson pda computer-mediated communication Measurement mobile computing mobile phones Sara Bly Sara Bly Consulting, North Plains, OR handheld devices 2001 Tomas Sokoler Space & Virtuality Studio, The Interactive Institute, Malmo, Sweden telecommunication CHI01-025 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The audio notebook: paper and pen interaction with structured speech. This paper addresses the problem that a listener experiences when attempting to capture information presented during a lecture, meeting, or interview. Listeners must divide their attention between the talker and their notetaking activity. We propose a new device-the Audio Notebook-for taking notes and interacting with a speech recording. The Audio Notebook is a combination of a digital audio recorder and paper notebook, all in one device. Audio recordings are structured using two techniques: user structuring based on notetaking activity, and acoustic structuring based on a talker's changes in pitch, pausing, and energy. A field study showed that the interaction techniques enabled a range of usage styles, from detailed review to high speed skimming. The study motivated the addition of phrase detection and topic suggestions to improve access to the audio recordings. Through these audio interaction techniques, the Audio Notebook defines a new approach for navigation in the audio domain. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech Performance Management audio MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA navigation Languages interaction techniques attention note-taking pen audio Lisa Stifelman Chris Schmandt interviews field study paper speech speech interfaces speech as data 2001 Barry Arons acoustic structuring pen interaction user structuring CHI01-026 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Does organisation by similarity assist image browsing? In current systems for browsing image collections, users are presented with sets of thumbnail images arranged in some default order on the screen. We are investigating whether it benefits users to have sets of thumbnails arranged according to their mutual similarity, so images that are alike are placed together. There are, of course, many possible definitions of “similarity”: so far we have explored measurements based on low-level visual features, and on the textual captions assigned to the images. Here we describe two experiments, both involving designers as the participants, examining whether similarity-based arrangements of the candidate images are helpful for a picture selection task. Firstly, the two types of similarity-based arrangement were informally compared. Then, an arrangement based on visual similarity was more formally compared with a control of a random arrangement. We believe this work should be of interest to anyone designing a system that involves presenting sets of images to users. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management information visualization browsing evaluation selection Measurement University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom thumbnails Kerry Rodden image retrieval Ken Wood 2001 Wojciech Basalaj David Sinclair AT&T Laboratories Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1QA, UK CHI01-027 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Using thumbnails to search the Web. We introduce a technique for creating novel, textually-enhanced thumbnails of Web pages. These thumbnails combine the advantages of image thumbnails and text summaries to provide consistent performance on a variety of tasks. We conducted a study in which participants used three different types of summaries (enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries) to search Web pages to find several different types of information. Participants took an average of 67, 86, and 95 seconds to find the answer with enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries, respectively. We found a strong effect of question category. For some questions, text outperformed plain thumbnails, while for other questions, plain thumbnails outperformed text. Enhanced thumbnails (which combine the features of text summaries and plain thumbnails) were more consistent than either text summaries or plain thumbnails, having for all categories the best performance or performance that was statistically indistinguishable from the best. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Reliability Performance Management search Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA Measurement thumbnails Peter Pirolli thumbnails Ruth Rosenholtz Allison Woodruff Andrew Faulring 2001 Julie B. Morrison Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Rd., Palo Alto, CA and Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA Web search task CHI01-028 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems On the road and on the Web? comprehension of synthetic and human speech while driving. In this study 24 participants drove a simulator while listening to three types of messages in both synthesized speech and recorded human speech. The messages consisted of short navigation messages, medium length (approximately 100 words) email messages, and longer news stories (approximately 200 words). After each message the participant was presented with a series of multiple choice questions to measure comprehension of the message. Driving performance was recorded. Findings show that for the low driving workload conditions in the study, (cruise control, predictable two-lane road with no intersections, invariant lead car) driving performance was not affected by listening to messages. This was true for both the synthesized speech and natural speech. Comprehension of messages in synthetic speech was significantly lower than for recorded human speech for all message types. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech Performance IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Management navigation University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Languages email Measurement driving driving performance Karen G. Cheng Jennifer Lai driving simulator 2001 comprehension TTS (text-to-speech) Paul Green Omer Tsimhoni speech synthesis CHI01-029 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Accordion summarization for end-game browsing on PDAs and cellular phones. We demonstrate a new browsing technique for devices with small displays such as PDAs or cellular phones. We concentrate on end-game browsing, where the user is close to or on the target page. We make browsing more efficient and easier by Accordion Summarization. In this technique the Web page is first represented as a short summary. The user can then drill down to discover relevant parts of the page. If desired, keywords can be highlighted and exposed automatically. We discuss our techniques, architecture, interface facilities, and the result of user evaluations. We measured a 57% improvement in browsing speed and 75% reduction in input effort. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Performance Management browsing World Wide Web PDA cell phones Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Measurement Hector Garcia-Molina Andreas Paepcke pdas WAP 2001 Orkut Buyukkokten HTML WML CHI01-030 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems ConNexus to awarenex: extending awareness to mobile users. We explored the use of awareness information to facilitate communication by developing a series of prototypes. The ConNexus prototype integrates awareness information, instant messaging, and other communication channels in an interface that runs on a desktop computer. The Awarenex prototype extends that functionality to wireless handheld devices, such as a Palm. A speech interface also enables callers to make use of the awareness information over the telephone. While the prototypes offer similar functionality, the interfaces reflect the different design affordances and use context of each platform. We discuss the design implications of providing awareness information on devices with varying interface and network characteristics. Human Factors CHI Design Theory awareness speech Performance Management CSCW Algorithms communication context mobile Francis C. Li awareness computer-mediated communication mobile devices im handheld Max G. Van Kleek instant messaging (IM) handheld devices John C. Tang 2001 Nicole Yankelovich James Begole Janak Bhalodia Sun Microsystems Laboratories, 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, CA MIT and Sun Microsystems Laboratories, 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, CA U.C Berkeley and Sun Microsystems Laboratories, 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, CA wireless handhelds CHI01-031 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Beyond command knowledge: identifying and teaching strategic knowledge for using complex computer applications. Despite experience, many users do not make efficient use of complex computer applications. We argue that this is caused by a lack of strategic knowledge that is difficult to acquire just by knowing how to use commands. To address this problem, we present efficient and general strategies for using computer applications, and identify the components of strategic knowledge required to use them. We propose a framework for teaching strategic knowledge, and show how we implemented it in a course for freshman students. In a controlled study, we compared our approach to the traditional approach of just teaching commands. The results show that efficient and general strategies can in fact be taught to students of diverse backgrounds in a limited time without harming command knowledge. The experiment also pinpointed those strategies that can be automatically learned just from learning commands, and those that require more practice than we provided. These results are important to universities and companies that wish to foster more efficient use of complex computer applications. Human Factors CHI Design Theory learning Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Experimentation Performance Management Bonnie E. John University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA experiment strategy training GOMS Suresh K. Bhavnani Measurement 2001 Frederick Reif instruction CHI01-032 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Teachers as simulation programmers: minimalist learning and reuse. Five public school teachers were observed during two self-study sessions where they learned to use Visual AgenTalk (VAT). The first session emphasized the basic visual programming skills, while the second introduced ways to reuse existing simulations. Two versions of the reuse tutorial were developed, one offering a concrete example world for reuse, and the second an abstract world. During their learning and reuse sessions, the teachers thought out loud as they worked, enabling a detailed analysis of their goals, reactions, problems, and successes. After each session, the teachers also completed user reaction questionnaires. Although all teachers succeeded in learning the basics of VAT, they varied considerably in their reuse of the example simulations. It appears that the simplified components of the abstract world supported reuse to a greater degree than those of the concrete example world. Human Factors CHI Design Theory learning Performance Management Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA programming reuse Mary Beth Rosson visual programming simulation 2001 Cheryl D. Seals teacher education CHI01-033 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Locus of feedback control in computer-based tutoring: impact on learning rate, achievement and attitudes. The advent of second-generation intelligent computer tutors raises an important instructional design question: when should tutorial advice be presented in problem solving? This paper examines four feedback conditions in the ACT Programming Tutor. Three versions offer the student different levels of control over error feedback and correction: (a) immediate feedback and immediate error correction; (b) immediate error flagging and student control of error correction; (c) feedback on demand and student control of error correction. A fourth, No-tutor condition offers no stepby-step problem solving support. The immediate feedback group with greatest tutor control of problem solving yielded the most efficient learning. These students completed the tutor problems fastest, and the three tutor-supported groups performed equivalently on tests. Questionnaires revealed little student preference among the four conditions. These results suggest that students will need explicit guidance to benefit from learning opportunities that arise when they have greater control over tutorial assistance. Human Factors CHI Design Theory learning Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Performance Management programming John R. Anderson feedback Measurement intelligent tutoring systems Albert T. Corbett 2001 instructional interface design student modeling feedback in problem solving CHI01-034 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Sensetable: a wireless object tracking platform for tangible user interfaces. In this paper we present a system that electromagnetically tracks the positions and orientations of multiple wireless objects on a tabletop display surface. The system offers two types of improvements over existing tracking approaches such as computer vision. First, the system tracks objects quickly and accurately without susceptibility to occlusion or changes in lighting conditions. Second, the tracked objects have state that can be modified by attaching physical dials and modifiers. The system can detect these changes in real-time.We present several new interaction techniques developed in the context of this system. Finally, we present two applications of the system: chemistry and system dynamics simulation. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces tangible Performance Management MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA interaction techniques context augmented reality Hiroshi Ishii interactive surface tangible user interface tabletop tangible user interface James Patten computer vision object tracking Gian Pangaro 2001 Jim Hines system dynamics two-handed manipulation CHI01-035 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Surface drawing: creating organic 3D shapes with the hand and tangible tools. Surface Drawing is a system for creating organic 3D shapes in a manner which supports the needs and interests of artists. This medium facilitates the early stages of creative design which many 3D modeling programs neglect. Much like traditional media such as line drawing and painting, Surface Drawing lets users construct shapes through repeated marking. In our case, the hand is used to mark 3D space in a semi-immersive virtual environment. The interface is completed with tangible tools to edit and manipulate models. We introduce the use of tongs to move and scale 3D shapes and demonstrate a magnet tool which is comfortably held without restricting hand motion. We evaluated our system through collaboration with artists and designers, exhibition before hundreds of users, our own extensive exploration of the medium, and an informal user study. Response was especially positive from users with an artistic background. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study tangible Performance Management virtual environments 3d collaboration tangible user interface 3D modeling 2001 Steven Schkolne Michael Pruett Peter Schröder Caltech Bell Labs artistic shape creation design prototyping fine art hand-based interface repeated marking semi-immersive environment CHI01-036 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems DataTiles: a modular platform for mixed physical and graphical interactions. The DataTiles system integrates the benefits of two major interaction paradigms: graphical and physical user interfaces. Tagged transparent tiles are used as modular construction units. These tiles are augmented by dynamic graphical information when they are placed on a sensor-enhanced flat panel display. They can be used independently or can be combined into more complex configurations, similar to the way language can express complex concepts through a sequence of simple words. In this paper, we discuss our design principles for mixing physical and graphical interface techniques, and describe the system architecture and example applications of the DataTiles system. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Performance Management MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA Jun Rekimoto interaction techniques language tangible user interface graphical user interfaces visual language 2001 Brygg Ullmer Haruo Oba Interaction Laboratory, Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc., 3-14-13 Higashigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0022 Japan radio-frequency identification tags CHI01-037 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Optimizing search by showing results in context. We developed and evaluated seven interfaces for integrating semantic category information with Web search results. List interfaces were based on the familiar ranked-listing of search results, sometimes augmented with a category name for each result. Category interfaces also showed page titles and/or category names, but re-organized the search results so that items in the same category were grouped together visually. Our user studies show that all Category interfaces were more effective than List interfaces even when lists were augmented with category names for each result. The best category performance was obtained when both category names and individual page titles were presented. Either alone is better than a list presentation, but both together provide the most effective means for allowing users to quickly examining search results. These results provide a better understanding of the perceptual and cognitive factors underlying the advantage of category groupings and provide some practical guidance to Web search interface designers. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Susan Dumais World Wide Web search context University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA user interfaces Measurement user study web search Edward Cutrell usability search 2001 Hao Chen text categorization focus-in-context CHI01-038 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Robust annotation positioning in digital documents. Increasingly, documents exist primarily in digital form. System designers have recently focused on making it easier to read digital documents, with annotation as an important new feature. But supporting annotation well is difficult because digital documents are frequently modified, making it challenging to correctly reposition annotations in modified versions. Few systems have addressed this issue, and even fewer have approached the problem from the users' point of view. This paper reports the results of two studies examining user expectations for robust annotation positioning in modified documents. We explore how users react to lost annotations, the relationship between types of document modifications and user expectations, and whether users pay attention to text surrounding their annotations. Our results could contribute substantially to effective digital document annotation systems. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Algorithms annotation documents Documentation attention Anoop Gupta Measurement A.J. Bernheim Brush annotation digital documents J. J. Cadiz David Bargeron annotation system design 2001 robust CHI01-039 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Reading of electronic documents: the usability of linear, fisheye, and overview+detail interfaces. Reading of electronic documents is becoming increasingly important as more information is disseminated electronically. We present an experiment that compares the usability of a linear, a fisheye, and an overview+detail interface for electronic documents. Using these interfaces, 20 subjects wrote essays and answered questions about scientific documents. Essays written using the overview+detail interface received higher grades, while subjects using the fisheye interface read documents faster. However, subjects used more time to answer questions with the overview+detail interface. All but one subject preferred the overview+detail interface. The most common interface in practical use, the linear interface, is found to be inferior to the fisheye and overview+detail interfaces regarding most aspects of usability. We recommend using overview+detail interfaces for electronic documents, while fisheye interfaces mainly should be considered for time-critical tasks. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance usability information visualization information retrieval documents Documentation experiment user study Kasper Hornbæk University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark usability Erik Frøkjær 2001 Datalogi, Roskilde Universitetscenter, Roskilde, Denmark electronic documents reading activity CHI01-040 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Eye gaze patterns in conversations: there is more to conversational agents than meets the eyes. In multi-agent, multi-user environments, users as well as agents should have a means of establishing who is talking to whom. In this paper, we present an experiment aimed at evaluating whether gaze directional cues of users could be used for this purpose. Using an eye tracker, we measured subject gaze at the faces of conversational partners during four-person conversations. Results indicate that when someone is listening or speaking to individuals, there is indeed a high probability that the person looked at is the person listened (p=88%) or spoken to (p=77%). We conclude that gaze is an excellent predictor of conversational attention in multiparty conversations. As such, it may form a reliable source of input for conversational systems that need to establish whom the user is speaking or listening to. We implemented our findings in FRED, a multi-agent conversational system that uses eye input to gauge which agent the user is listening or speaking to. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Performance Management conversation agents Languages experiment attention gaze Roel Vertegaal gaze Measurement Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada tracking 2001 Robert Slagter Gerrit van der Veer Anton Nijholt Telematics Institute, The Netherlands Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands Twente University, The Netherlands attention-based interfaces attentive agents conversational attention multiparty communication CHI01-041 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The impact of eye gaze on communication using humanoid avatars. In this paper we describe an experiment designed to investigate the importance of eye gaze in humanoid avatar's representing people engaged in conversation. We compare responses to dyadic conversations in four mediated conditions: video, audio-only, and two avatar conditions. The avatar conditions differed only in their treatment of eye gaze. In the random-gaze condition the avatars head and eye animations were unrelated to conversational flow. In the informed-gaze condition, they were related to turn-taking during the conversation. The head animations were tracked and the eye animations were inferred from the audio stream. Our comparative analysis of 100 post-experiment questionnaires showed that the random-gaze avatar did not improve on audio-only communication. The informed-gaze avatar significantly outperformed the random-gaze model and also outperformed audio-only on several response measures. We conclude that an avatar whose gaze behaviour is related to the conversation provides a marked improvement on an avatar that merely exhibits liveliness. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management audio conversation communication experiment video gaze gaze CMC mediated communication Measurement University College London, London, United Kingdom avatars avatars M. Angela Sasse Maia Garau Mel Slater 2001 Simon Bee Parametric Technology Corp., 19 Apex Court, Woodlands, Almondsbury Park, Bristol, BS32 4JT, UK and MLB3/7, BT Labs., Martlesham Heath, Ipswich, IP5 3RE, UK collaborative virtual enviroments (CVEs) nonverbal behaviours CHI01-042 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The dynamics of mass online marketplaces: a case study of an online auction. The Internet has dramatically changed how people sell and buy goods. In recent years we have seen the emergence of electronic marketplaces that leverage information technology to create more efficient markets such as online auctions to bring together buyers and sellers with greater effectiveness at a massive scale. Despite the growing interest and importance of such marketplaces, our understanding of how the design of the marketplace affects buyer and seller behavior at the individual level and the market effectiveness at the aggregate level is still quite limited. This paper presents a detailed case study of a currently operational massive scale online auction marketplace. The main focus is to gain initial insights into the effects of the design of the marketplace. The results of the study point to several important considerations and implications not only for the design of online marketplaces but also for the design of large-scale websites where effective locating of information is key to user success. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management Measurement University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA information overload 2001 Jungpil Hahn electronic marketplaces item display market navigation market technostructure massive scale online auctions online market design CHI01-043 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Casablanca: designing social communication devices for the home. The Casablanca project explored how media space concepts could be incorporated into households and family life. This effort included prototypes built for the researchers' own home use, field studies of households, and consumer testing of design concepts. A number of previously unreported consumer preferences and concerns were uncovered and incorporated into several original prototypes, most notably ScanBoard and the Intentional Presence Lamp. Casablanca also resulted in conclusions about designing household social communication devices. Human Factors CHI Design media space communication presence Debby Hindus home field study families Scott D. Mainwaring 2001 Nicole Leduc Anna Elizabeth Hagström Oliver Bayley Interval Research Corp. CHI01-044 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Digital family portraits: supporting peace of mind for extended family members. A growing social problem in the U.S., and elsewhere, is supporting older adults who want to continue living independently, as opposed to moving to an institutional care setting. One key part of this complex problem is providing awareness of senior adults day-to-day activities, promoting peace of mind for extended family members. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a digital family portrait that provides qualitative visualizations of a family members daily life. Leveraging a familiar household object, the picture frame, our design populates the frame with iconic imagery summarizing 28 days. In a final implementation, the digital family portrait would gather information from sensors in the home. Human Factors CHI Design Theory awareness Performance Management visualization visualization sensors ubiquitous computing Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Elizabeth D. Mynatt light-weight interaction awareness home home families aging Jim Rowan 2001 Sarah Craighill Annie Jacobs CHI01-045 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Social navigation of food recipes. The term Social Navigation captures every-day behaviour used to find information, people, and places - namely through watching, following, and talking to people. We discuss how to design information spaces to allow for social navigation. We applied our ideas in a recipe recommendation system. In a follow-up user study, subjects state that social navigation adds value to the service: it provides for social affordance, and it helps turning a space into a social place. The study also reveals some unresolved design issues, such as the snowball effect where more and more users follow each other down the wrong path, and privacy issues. Human Factors CHI Design Theory awareness user study Performance Management navigation privacy Kristina Höök privacy Security Annika Waern recommender systems social navigation Jarmo Laaksolahti 2001 Martin Svensson HUMLE, SICS, Box 1263, S-164 29 Kista, Sweden online shopping CHI01-046 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Chinese input with keyboard and eye-tracking: an anatomical study. Chinese input presents unique challenges to the field of human computer interaction. This study provides an anatomical analysis of today's standard Chinese input process, which is based on pinyin, a phonetic spelling system in Roman characters. Through a combination of human performance modeling and experimentation, our study decomposed the Chinese input process into sub-tasks and found that choice reaction time and numeric keying, two component resulted from the large number of homophones in Chinese, were the major usability bottlenecks. Choice reaction alone took 36% of the total input time in our experiment. Numeric keying for multiple candidates selection tends to take the user's attention away from the computer visual screen. We designed and implemented the EASE (Eye Assisted Selection and Entry) system to help maintaining complete touch-typing experience without diverting visual (spacebar) and implicit eye-tracking to replace the numeric keystrokes. Our experiment showed that such a system could indeed work, even with today's imperfecteye-tracking technology. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input Experimentation Performance usability Management selection Documentation touch Languages Shumin Zhai IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA eye tracking experiment eye tracking attention human-computer interaction gaze multimodal interfaces gaze-tracking Measurement IBM Research - China, Beijing, China performance modeling Jingtao Wang 2001 Hui Su Chinese text input pinyin input CHI01-047 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Model for unistroke writing time. Unistrokes are a viable form of text input in pen-based user interfaces. However, they are a very heterogeneous group of gestures the only common feature being that all are drawn with a single stroke. Several unistroke alphabets have been proposed including the original Unistrokes, Graffiti, Allegro, T-Cube and MDITIM. Comparing these methods usually requires a lengthy study with many writers and even then the results are biased by the earlier handwriting experience that the writers have. Therefore, a simple descriptive model for predicting the writing time for an expert user on any given unistroke alphabet thus enabling sounder argumentation on the properties of different writing methods. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input user interfaces Performance Management gestures University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland pen Measurement pen-based user interfaces pen input handwriting Poika Isokoski text input 2001 modeling of motor performance CHI01-048 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Text input for mobile devices: comparing model prediction to actual performance. A study was conducted to obtain performance data for entering text on a mobile phone in order to compare it to performance predictions based on two different mathematical models. Speed data was obtained for two text input methods, T9 Text Input and Multi-tap. While the direction of the results was the same for both the performance data and both model predicitons (with predictive text entry being faster than Multi-tap text entry), the results for all three differed in magnitude. Suggestions for this discrepancy are provided. In addition, in order to help shape future models, additional results are presented for both input methods to show how both accuracy and speed performance varies based on user experience and text subject matter. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Reliability input Performance Management mobile Measurement mobile systems text entry text entry mobile devices mobile phones mobile phones user experience performance modeling text input keypad input 2001 Christina L. James Kelly M. Reischel User Interface & Usability Group, Tegic Communications, AOL Wireless, 1000 Dexter Avenue N., Suite 300, Seattle, WA CHI01-049 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Better home shopping or new democracy? evaluating community network outcomes. This is a perspective paper on community networks - socio-technical infrastructures supporting villages, towns, and neighborhoods. Community networking is well-established, world wide, and addresses critical societal issues, such as the “crisis of community” and the sociality of the Internet. However, community network projects have not emphasized evaluation. Relatively little is known about the economic, social, and psychological consequences of community networks for the individuals, groups, and communities served. Evaluating community networks is a momentous mutual opportunity for the development of CHI evaluation methodologies and for bringing technical CHI expertise to bear on societal issues. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA evaluation Measurement Mary Beth Rosson John M. Carroll home community 2001 social impact community networks CHI01-050 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Identity construction environments: supporting a virtual therapeutic community of pediatric patients undergoing dialysis. We describe a five-month pilot project conducted in the dialysis unit at Boston's Children's Hospital. Pediatric patients with renal disease used the Zora graphical multi-user environment while facing hemodialysis. Zora is an identity construciton environment specifically designed to help young people explore issues of identity, while engaging in a participatory virtual community. This paper presents the experience and evaluates the feasibility and safety of using Zora in a hospital setting. It describes how Zora facilitated explorations of identity and mutual patient support and interaction. Finally it also presents design recommendations for future interventions of this kind. More generally, this paper explores the potential of technology specifically designed with therapeutic purposes to help patients cope with their illness. Human Factors CHI Design Theory children Performance Management MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA identity Measurement community safety identity storytelling 2001 virtual communities therapy Marina U. Bers Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich David Ray DeMaso Children's Hospital, Boston, MA dialysis multi-user virtual environment pediatric patients CHI01-051 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems GeneyTM: designing a collaborative activity for the palmTM handheld computer. This paper describes a project to explore issues surrouding the development of a collaborative handheld educational application for children. A user-centered, iterative design process was used to develop GeneyTM, a collaborative problem solving application to help children explore genetic concepts using PalmTM handheld computers. The design methodology utilized mock-ups of representative tasks and scenarios, pre-design meetings with targets users, prototype development, and feedback sessions with target users. The results of this work identify an effective way of utilizing handheld computers for collaborative learning and provide important insights into the design of handheld applications for children. This work also illustrates the necessity of user-centered design when new user groups are targeted, especially when novel user interface paradigms are employed that go beyond current windows-based interfaces. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user-centered design learning children children user interfaces Performance Management CSCW methodology design process education PDA feedback Kori M. Inkpen University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada handheld user-centered design handheld computers Kellogg S. Booth CSCL 2001 Arman Danesh Felix Lau Keith Shu School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University genetics handheld computing CHI01-052 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Relational agents: a model and implementation of building user trust. Building trust with users is crucial in a wide range of applications, such as financial transactions, and some minimal degree of trust is required in all applications to even initiate and maintain an interaction with a user. Humans use a variety of relational conversational strategies, including small talk, to establish trusting relationships with each other. We argue that such strategies can also be used by interface agents, and that embodied conversational agents are ideally suited for this task given the myriad cues available to them for signaling trustworthiness. We describe a model of social dialogue, an implementation in an embodied conversation agent, and an experiment in which social dialogue was demonstrated to have an effect on trust, for users with a disposition to be extroverts. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management social interfaces MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA conversation agents Timothy W. Bickmore Justine Cassell Languages experiment natural language trust Measurement trust embodied conversational agents personality 2001 small talk CHI01-053 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems An empirical study of human Web assistants: implications for user support in Web information systems. User support is an important element in reaching the goal of universal usability for Web information systems. Recent developments indicate that human involvement in user support is a step towards this goal. However, most such efforts are currently being pursued on a purely intuitive basis. This, empirical findings about the role of human assistants are important. In this paper we present the findings from a field study of a general user support model for Web information systems. We show that integrating human assistance into Web systems is a way to provide efficient user support. Further, this integration makes a Web site more fun to use and increases the user's trust in the site. The support also improves the site atmosphere. Our findings are summarised as recommendations and design guidelines for decision-makers and developers Web systems. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance usability Management empirical study efficiency design guidelines Measurement field study field study trust universal usability 2001 Johan Aberg Nahid Shahmehri Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Linköpings universitet, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Web information systems attitude user support CHI01-054 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Social presence in Web surveys. Social interface theory has widespread influence in the field of human-computer interaction. The basic thesis is that humanizing cues in a computer interface can engender responses from users similar to human-human interaction. In contrast, the survey interviewing literature suggests that computer administration of surveys on highly sensitive topics reduces or eliminates social desirability effect, even when such humanizing features as voice are used.In attempting to reconcile these apparently contradictory findings, we varied features of the interface in a Web survey (n=3047). In one treatment, we presented an image of 1) a male researcher, 2) a female researcher, or 3) the study logo at several points. In another, we varied the extent of personal feedback provided. We find little support for the soical interface hypothesis. We describe our study and discuss possible reasons for the contradictory evidence on social interfaces. Human Factors CHI Design Theory theory Experimentation Performance Management social interfaces social interfaces University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA presence human-computer interaction feedback Measurement survey social presence 2001 Mick P. Couper Roger Tourangeau Darby M. Steiger The Gallup Organization, One Church Street, Suite 900, Rockville, MD Web surveys social desirability CHI01-055 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Exploring 3D navigation: combining speed-coupled flying with orbiting. We present a task-based taxonomy of navigation techniques for 3D virtual environments, used to categorize existing techniques, drive exploration of the design space, and inspire new techniques. We briefly discuss several new techniques, and describe in detail one new techniques, Speed-coupled Flying with Orbiting. This technique couples control of movement speed to camera height and tilt, allowing users to seamlessly transition between local environment-views and global overviews. Users can also orbit specific objects for inspection. Results from two competitive user studies suggest users performed better with Speed-coupled Flying with Orbiting over alternatives, with performance also enhanced by a large display. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Experimentation Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA George G. Robertson Mary Czerwinski virtual environments navigation 3d interaction techniques Measurement user study large displays Desney S. Tan 2001 3D virtual environments egocentric navigation CHI01-056 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Reaching movements to augmented and graphic objects in virtual environments. This work explores how the availability of visual and haptic feedback affects and kinematics of reaching performance in a tabletop virtual environment. Eight subjects performed reach-to-grasp movements toward target objects of various sites in conitions where visual and haptic feedback were either present or absent. It was found that movement time was slower when visual feedback of the moving limb was not available. Further MT varied systematically with target size when haptic feedback was available (i.e. augmented targets), and thus followed Fitts' law. However, movement times were constant regardless of target size when haptic feedback was removed. In depth analysis of the reaching kinematics revealed that subjects spent longer decelerating toward smaller targets in conditions where haptic feedback was available. In contrast, deceleration time was constant when haptic feedback was absent. These results suggest that visual feedback about the moving limb and veridical haptic feedback about object contract are extremely important for humans to effectively work in virtual environments. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management virtual environments Fitts' law augmented reality feedback haptic human performance Christine L. MacKenzie Measurement tabletop fitts' law interaction haptic feedback visual feedback object manipulation 2001 Andrea H. Mason Masuma A. Walji Elaine J. Lee School of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada empirical data kinematic data sensory information sensory manipulation CHI01-057 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems 3D or not 3D? evaluating the effect of the third dimension in a document management system. Several recent research systems have provided interactive three-dimensional (3D) visualisations for supporting everyday work such as file and document management. But what improvements do these 3D interfaces offer over their traditional 2D counterparts? This paper describes the comparative evaluation of two document management systems that differ only in the number of dimensions used for displaying and interacting with the data. The 3D system is heavily based on Robertson et al.'s Data Mountain, which supports users in storing, organising and retrieving “thumbnail” representations of documents such as bookmarked Web-pages. Results show that our subjects were faster at storing and retrieving pages in the display when using the 2D interface, but not significantly so. As expected, retrieval times significantly increased as the number of thumbnails increased. Despite the lack of significant differences between the 2D and 3D interfaces, subjective assessments showed a significant preference for the 3D interface. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance Management information visualization documents Documentation 3d 3D user interfaces Measurement thumbnails Andy Cockburn University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand spatial memory document management Bruce McKenzie 2001 CHI01-058 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Automating camera management for lecture room environments. Given rapid improvements in network infrastructure and streaming-media technologies, a large number of corporations and universities are recording lectures and making them available online for anytime, anywhere access. However, producing high-quality lecture videos is still labor intensive and expensive. Fortunately, recent technology advances are making it feasible to build automated camera management systems to capture lectures. In this paper we report on our design, implementation and study of such a system. Compared to previous work-which has tended to be technology centric-we started with interviews with professional video producers and used their knowledge and expertise to create video production rules. We then targeted technology components that allowed us to implement a substantial portion of these rules, including the design of a virtual video director. The system's performance was compared to that of a human operator via a user study. Results suggest that our system's quality in close to that of a human-controlled system. In fact most remote audience members could not tell if the video was produced by a computer or a person. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA video Anoop Gupta Measurement interviews J. J. Cadiz Yong Rui 2001 Qiong Liu automated camera management sound source localization speaker tracking video production rules virtual video director CHI01-059 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Viewing meeting captured by an omni-directional camera. One vision of future technology is the ability to easily and inexpensively capture any group meeting that occurs, store it, and make it available for people to view anytime and anywhere on the network. One barrier to achieving this vision has been the design of low-cost camera systems that can capture important aspects of the meeting without needing a human camera operator. A promising solution that has emerged recently is omni-directional cameras that can capture a 360-degree video of the entire meeting.The panoramic capability provided by these cameras raises both new opportunities and new issues for the interfaces provided for post-meeting viewers — for example, do we show all meeting participants all the time or do we just show the person who is speaking, how much control do we provide to the end-user in selecting the view, and will providing this control distract them from their task. These are not just user interface issues, they also raise tradeoffs for the client-server systems used to deliver such content. They impact how much data needs to be stored on the disk, what computation can be done on the server vs. the client, and how much bandwidth is needed. We report on a rototype system built using an omni-directional camera and results from user studies of interface preferences expressed by viewers. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces user study Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA video Anoop Gupta Measurement J. J. Cadiz Yong Rui 2001 omni-directional camera systems on-demand meeting watching CHI01-060 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Partitioning digital worlds: focal and peripheral awareness in multiple monitor use. Software today does not help us partition our digital worlds effectively. We must organize them ourselves. This field study of users of multiple monitors examines how people with a lot of display space arrange information. Second monitors are generally used for secondary activities related to principal tasks, for peripheral awareness of information that is not the main focus, and for easy access to resources. A second monitor improves efficiency in ways that are difficult to measure yet can have substantial subjective benefit. The study concludes with illustrations of shortcomings of today's systems and applications: the way we work could be improved at relatively low cost. Human Factors CHI Design Theory awareness Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA awareness Jonathan Grudin field study multiple monitors displays 2001 CHI01-061 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Folk computing: revisiting oral tradition as a scaffold for co-present communities. In this paper, we introduce Folk Computing: an approach for using technology to support co-present community building inspired by the concept of folklore. We also introduce a new technology, called “i-balls,” whose design helped fashion this approach. The design of the i-ball environment is explained in terms of our effort to simultaneously preserve what works about folklore while also using technology to expand its power as a medium for community building. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA ubiquitous computing education PDA social computing community community groupware mobile computing handheld Mitchel Resnick 2001 face-to-face Rick Borovoy Brian Silverman Tim Gorton Matt Notowidigdo Brian Knep Jeff Klann folklore CHI01-062 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing palaver tree online: supporting social roles in a community of oral history. As a more diverse population of users moves online, understanding how to help those groups work together and leverage their diverse skills poses a significant challenge for human-computer interaction. This paper presents a case study of the design of an online community that supports kids interviewing elders to build up a shared database of oral history. Two pilot studies with existing technology are presented, and a software design based on those studies is described, along with future work. This work shows the value of prototyping with existing technology in order to uncover user needs in an onine environment. Human Factors CHI Design Theory children Performance Management Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA history human-computer interaction Amy S. Bruckman community prototyping user-centered design online communities online communities Jason B. Ellis CSCL 2001 CHI01-063 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Classroom collaboration in the design of tangible interfaces for storytelling. We describe the design of tangible interfaces to the KidPad collaborative drawing tool. Our aims are to support the re-enactment of stories to audiences, and integration within real classroom environments. A six-month iterative design process, working with children and teachers in school, has produced the “magic carpet”, an interface that uses pressure mats and video-tracked and barcoded physical props to navigate a story in KidPad. Reflecting on this process, we propose four guidelines for the design of tangible interfaces for the classroom. (1) Use physical size and shysical props to encourage collaboration. (2) Be aware of how different interfaces emphasize different actions. (3) Be aware that superficial changes to the design can produce very different physical interactions. (4) Focus on open low-tech technologies rather than (over) polished products. Human Factors CHI Design Theory children children participatory design tangible Performance Management tangible interface design process video storytelling collaboration Steve Benford Mixed Reality Lab, Nottingham, United Kingdom tangible Danaë Stanton Fraser storytelling Claire O'Malley 2001 Victor Bayon Rob Ingram Helen Neale Tony Pridmore Ahmed Ghali Sue Cobb John Wilson CHI01-064 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Using information scent to model user information needs and actions and the Web. On the Web, users typically forage for information by navigating from page to page along Web links. Their surfing patterns or actions are guided by their information needs. Researchers need tools to explore the complex interactions between user needs, user actions, and the structures and contents of the Web. In this paper, we describe two computational methods for understanding the relationship between user needs and user actions. First, for a particular pattern of surfing, we seek to infer the associated information need. Second, given an information need, and some pages as starting pints, we attempt to predict the expected surfing patterns. The algorithms use a concept called “information scent”, which is the subjective sense of value and cost of accessing a page based on perceptual cues. We present an empirical evaluation of these two algorithms, and show their effectiveness. Human Factors CHI Design Theory empirical evaluation Performance Management information retrieval World Wide Web Algorithms Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA information foraging Measurement Ed H. Chi Peter Pirolli usability information scent information scent data mining 2001 James Pitkow Kim Chen CHI01-065 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Information scent as a driver of Web behavior graphs: results of a protocol analysis method for Web usability. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a replicable WWW protocol analysis methodology illustrated by application to data collected in the laboratory. The methodology uses instrumentation to obtain detailed recordings of user actions with a browser, caches Web pages encoutered, and videotapes talk-aloud protocols. We apply the current form of the method to the analysis of eight Web protocols, visualizing the structure of the interaction and showing the strong effect of information scent in determining the path followed. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance usability Management www methodology Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA information foraging Measurement Robert W. Reeder Peter Pirolli protocol analysis information scent Stuart K. Card information scent web usability Pamela Schraedley 2001 Mija M. Van Der Wege Julie B. Morrison Standardization Jenea Boshart Web behavior graph Weblogger web-eyemapper CHI01-066 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Visual information foraging in a focus + context visualization. Eye tracking studies of the Hyperbolic Tree browser [10] suggest that visual search in focus+context displays is highly affected by information scent (i.e., local cues, such as text summaries, used to assess and navigate toward distal information sources). When users detected a strong information scent, they were able to reach their goal faster with the Hyperbolic Tree browser than with a conventional browser. When users detected a weak scent or no scent, users exhibited less efficient search of areas with a high density of visual items. In order to interpret these results we present an integration of the CODE Theory of Visual Attention (CTVA) with information foraging theory. Development of the CTVA-foraging theory could lead to deeper analysis of interaction with visual displays of content, such as the World Wide Web or information visualizations. Human Factors CHI Design Theory theory Performance Management information visualization visualization search eye tracking context visual search visual search Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA attention information foraging information foraging Measurement Peter Pirolli focus+context focus+context information scent visual attention Stuart K. Card information scent world wide web 2001 Mija M. Van Der Wege CODE theory of visual attention hyperbolic tree CHI01-067 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The notification collage: posting information to public and personal displays. The Notification Collage (NC) is a groupware system where distributed and co-located colleagues comprising a small community post media elements onto a real-time collaborative surface that all members can see. Akin to collages of information found on public bulletin boards, NC randomly places incoming elements onto this surface. People can post assorted media: live video from desktop cameras; editable sticky notes; activity indicator; slide shows displaying a series of digital photos, snapshots of a person's digitial desktop, and Web page thumbnails. User experiences show that NC becomes a rich resource for awareness and collaboration. Community members indicate their presence to others by posting live video. They regularly act on this information by engaging in text and video conversations. Because all people can overhear conversations, these become active opportunities to join in. People also post items they believe will be interesting to others, such as desktop snapshots and vacation photos. Finally, people use NC somewhat differently when it is displayed on a large public screen than when it appears on a personal computer. Human Factors CHI Design Theory awareness Performance Management conversation presence video collaboration groupware awareness media space notification community University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Saul Greenberg thumbnails messaging informal interaction 2001 Michael Rounding CHI01-068 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Single display privacyware: augmenting public displays with private information. The research area of Single Display Groupware (SDG) confronts the standard model of computing interaction, one user working on one computer, by investigating how the best support groups of users interacting with a shared display. One problem that has arisen in SDG research concerns access to private information. Previously, private information could not be displayed on a shared display, it could only be accessed on external devices, such as private monitors or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). This paper discusses Single Display Privacyware (SDP), an interaction technique that allows private information to be shown within the context of a shared display. A description of the hardware and software components of our prototype SDP system is given, as are the results of a user study performed to investigate users interacting in the environment. Conclusions concerning future research in the area of SDP are discussed. Human Factors CHI Design Theory awareness user study Performance Management CSCW interaction techniques context groupware single display groupware (SDG) single display groupware single display groupware (sdg) Measurement collaboration Kori M. Inkpen privacy Security pdas Garth Shoemaker 2001 EDGE Lab, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada single display privacyware (SDP) CHI01-069 March 31, 2001 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Linking public spaces: technical and social issues. Three public spaces frequency used by members of a single organization who are distributed across different floors of two buildings were linked by constantly-running video and audio connections. We discuss the design of the system, including issues in providing low-latency, full-duplex audio-video connectivity, ways to increase possibilities for interaction while addressing privacy concerns, and the introduction of the system to the community. We report on responses to the system and lessions learned, including unexpected issues, such as creative decorations of the spaces and assertions by a vocal minority of employees about the private nature of “public space.”. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Management Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA audio video Anoop Gupta Jonathan Grudin privacy community privacy Gina Venolia Security video conferencing Gavin Jancke J. J. Cadiz 2001 informal communication CHI02-001 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Where do web sites come from? capturing and interacting with design history. To form a deep understanding of the present; we need to ?nd and engage history. We present an informal history capture and retrieval mechanism for collaborative, early-stage information design. This history system is implemented in the context of the Designers' Outpost, a wall-scale, tangible interface for collaborative web site design. The interface elements in this history system are designed to be ?uid and comfortable for early-phase design. As demonstrated by an informal lab study with six professional designers, this history system enhances the design process itself, and provides new opportunities for reasoning about the design of complex artifacts. Human Factors CHI Design Theory tangible Performance CSCW context tangible interface history University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA James A. Landay design process tangible user interface Scott R. Klemmer University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark web design sketching Robert Lee 2002 Michael Thomsen activity capture Ethan Phelps-Goodman design rationale history management informal interfaces CHI02-002 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves The augurscope: a mixed reality interface for outdoors. The augurscope is a portable mixed reality interface for outdoors. A tripod-mounted display is wheeled to different locations and rotated and tilted to view a virtual environment that is aligned with the physical background. Video from an onboard camera is embedded into this virtual environment. Our design encompasses physical form, interaction and the combination of a GPS receiver, electronic compass, accelerometer and rotary encoder for tracking. An initial application involves the public exploring a medieval castle from the site of its modern replacement. Analysis of use reveals problems with lighting, movement and relating virtual and physical viewpoints, and shows how environmental factors and physical form affect interaction. We suggest that problems might be accommodated by carefully constructing virtual and physical content. CHI Theory Performance virtual reality virtual environments affect augmented reality video Measurement University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Boriana Koleva Holger Schnädelbach Chris Greenhalgh Tom Rodden Steve Benford gps Shahram Izadi Mike Fraser Martin Flintham mixed reality mixed reality 2002 Paul Chandler Malcolm Foster mobile and wireless applications outdoors applications CHI02-003 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Movement model, hits distribution and learning in virtual keyboarding. In a ten-session experiment, six participants practiced typing with an expanding rehearsal method on an optimized virtual keyboard. Based on a large amount of in-situ performance data, this paper reports the following findings. First, the Fitts-digraph movement efficiency model of virtual keyboards is revised. The format and parameters of Fitts' law used previously in virtual keyboards research were incorrect. Second, performance limit predictions of various layouts are calculated with the new model. Third, learning with expanding rehearsal intervals for maximum memory benefits is effective, but many improvements of the training algorithm used can be made in the future. Finally, increased visual load when typing previously practiced text did not significantly change users' performance at this stage of learning, but typing unpracticed text did have a performance effect, suggesting a certain degree of text specific learning when typing on virtual keyboards. Human Factors CHI Design Theory learning Performance learning Fitts' law Shumin Zhai IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA Johnny Accot experiment text input soft keyboards memory text entry mobile computing fitts' law memory skill acquisition Alison Sue 2002 expanding rehearsal graphical keyboard on screen keyboard virtual keyboard CHI02-004 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Comparison of two touchpad-based methods for numeric entry. Small hand-held touchpads can be used to replace stylus-based digitizing tablets when the use of a stylus is not convenient. In text entry tasks where the writing surface is held in a hand the error rate becomes a problem. The small size of strokes compared to the width of the fingertip and the additional imprecision caused by the interaction of the pad and finger movements make input very imprecise. We describe a new improved clock-face based stroke system for entering numbers with a touchpad. In a 20-session user study with 6 users we found slightly better throughput of successfully entered numbers with the proposed new system. This advantage was mainly due to lower error rate with the new system. User preference similarly slightly favored the new system over an earlier straightforward proposal based on the clock metaphor. Human Factors CHI Theory input user study Performance tablets University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland text entry mobile devices handheld Poika Isokoski Mika Käki 2002 clock metaphor stylus overhead writing CHI02-005 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Interacting at a distance: measuring the performance of laser pointers and other devices. It is difficult to interact with computer displays that are across the room. A popular approach is to use laser pointers tracked by a camera, but interaction techniques using laser pointers tend to be imprecise, error-prone, and slow. Although many previous papers discuss laser pointer interaction techniques, none seem to have performed user studies to help inform the design. This paper reports on two studies of laser pointer interactions that answer some of the questions related to interacting with objects using a laser pointer. The first experiment evaluates various parameters of laser pointers. For example, the time to acquire a target is about 1 second, and the jitter due to hand unsteadiness is about ±8 pixels, which can be reduced to about ±2 to ±4 pixels by filtering. We compared 7 different ways to hold various kinds of laser pointers, and found that a laser pointer built into a PalmOS device was the most stable. The second experiment compared 4 different ways to select objects on a large projected display. We found that tapping directly on a wall-size SmartBoard was the fastest and most accurate method, followed by a new interaction technique that copies the area of interest from the big screen to a handheld. Third in speed was the conventional mouse, and the laser pointer came in last, with a time almost twice as long as tapping on the SmartBoard. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Brad A. Myers Performance input devices experiment interaction techniques interaction techniques user study Jeffrey Nichols handheld handheld Pebbles Robert C. Miller remote interaction 2002 PalmPilot A. Chris Long Rishi Bhatnagar Choon Hong Peck Dave Kong laser pointers CHI02-006 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Messages embedded in gaze of interface agents --- impression management with agent's gaze. We propose a gaze movement model that enables an embodied interface agent to convey different impressions to users. Managing one's own impression to influence the behaviors of others plays an important role in human communications. To create a new application area which involves agents in this kind of social interaction, interface agents that manage their impressions are required. For this purpose, we build the gaze movement model based on three gaze parameters picked from a large number of psychological studies: amount of gaze, mean duration of gaze, and gaze points while averted. In this paper, we introduce the gaze movement model and gaze parameters. We then present an experiment in which subjects evaluated the impressions created by nine gaze patterns produced by altering the gaze parameters. The results indicate that reproducible relations exist between the gaze parameters and impressions, which shows the validity of the model. CHI Theory Performance agents experiment gaze Measurement social interaction social interaction impression management 2002 Atsushi Fukayama Takehiko Ohno Naoki Mukawa Minako Sawaki Norihiro Hagita NTT Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan ATR Media Information Science Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan embodied interface agent gaze communication social control CHI02-007 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Leveraging the asymmetric sensitivity of eye contact for videoconference. Eye contact is a natural and often essential element in the language of visual communication. Unfortunately, perceiving eye contact is difficult in most video-conferencing systems and hence limits their effectiveness. We conducted experiments to determine how accurately people perceive eye contact. We discovered that the sensitivity to eye contact is asymmetric, in that we are an order of magnitude less sensitive to eye contact when people look below our eyes than when they look to the left, right, or above our eyes. Additional experiments support a theory that people are prone to perceive eye contact, that is, we will think that someone is making eye contact with us unless we are certain that the person is not looking into our eyes. These experimental results suggest parameters for the design of videoconferencing systems. As a demonstration, we were able to construct from commodity components a simple dyadic videoconferencing prototype that supports eye contact. Human Factors CHI Theory theory Performance communication video language Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Measurement video conferencing video conferencing eye contact eye contact Milton Chen 2002 gaze perception CHI02-008 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Acquisition of expanding targets. There exist several user interface widgets that dynamically grow in size in response to the user's focus of attention. Some of these, such as icons in toolbars, expand to facilitate their selection - allowing for a reduced initial size in an attempt to optimize screen space use. However, selection performance may be degraded by this decreased initial widget size. We describe an experiment which explores the effects of varying parameters of expansion techniques in a selection task. Our results suggest that Fitts' law can model and predict performance in such tasks. They also indicate that performance is governed by the target's final size, not its initial one. Further, performance is dependent on the target's final size even when the target only begins expanding as late as after 90% of the movement towards the target has already been completed. These results indicate that expanding widgets can be used without sacrificing performance. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Performance selection interaction design Fitts' law experiment attention Ravin Balakrishnan empirical evaluation University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada fitts' law 2002 Michael McGuffin expanding targets interaction modeling CHI02-009 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Quantitative analysis of scrolling techniques. We propose a formal experimental paradigm designed to help evaluate scrolling interaction techniques. Such a method is needed by interaction designers to quantify scrolling performance, thereby providing a tool to evaluate and improve upon new techniques. We systematically vary the scrolling distance as well as the required tolerance of scrolling. Distance and tolerance are the parameters of Fitts' Law, which traditionally has been applied to the evaluation of pointing devices in tasks involving rapid, aimed movement to visible targets. Scrolling involves acquisition of targets well beyond the edges of the screen, yet Fitts' Law models our experimental data very wellWe apply our paradigm to the IBM ScrollPoint and the IntelliMouse Wheel. Our experimental approach reveals a crossover effect in performance versus distance, with the Wheel performing best at short distances but the ScrollPoint performing best at long distances. We also demonstrate that the performance of the Wheel can be significantly improved using an acceleration algorithm. These results show that our approach yields a practical and rigorous method for the evaluation of scrolling techniques. Human Factors CHI Theory Performance Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Fitts' law pointing interaction techniques Ken Hinckley scrolling Measurement document navigation Edward Cutrell fitts' law scrolling 2002 Steve Bathiche Tim Muss C:D gain CHI02-010 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves More than dotting the i's --- foundations for crossing-based interfaces. Today's graphical interactive systems largely depend upon pointing actions, i.e. entering an object and selecting it. In this paper we explore whether an alternate paradigm --- crossing boundaries --- may substitute or complement pointing as another fundamental interaction method. We describe an experiment in which we systematically evaluate two target-pointing tasks and four goal-crossing tasks, which differ by the direction of the movement variability constraint (collinear vs. orthogonal) and by the nature of the action (pointing vs. crossing, discrete vs. continuous). We found that participants' temporal performance in each of the six tasks was dependent on the index of difficulty formulated in the same way as in Fitts' law, but that the parameters differ by task. We also found that goal crossing completion time was shorter or no longer than pointing performance under the same index of difficulty. These regularities, as well as qualitative characterizations of crossing actions and their application in HCI, lay the foundation for designing crossing-based user interfaces. Human Factors CHI Theory hci user interfaces Performance Fitts' law Shumin Zhai IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA Johnny Accot experiment pointing pointing widgets interaction techniques Measurement fitts' law input graphical user interfaces 2002 events goal crossing goal passing input performance CHI02-011 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves A Case Study to Distill Structural Scaffolding Guidelines for Scaffolded Software Environments. A challenge for HCI researchers and designers involves developing software tools for learners to support them in mindfully doing and learning complex new work practices. Such "learner-centered" tools incorporate scaffolds-software features that address the cognitive obstacles learners face so they can engage in the work in an educationally productive manner. However, designers still lack specific scaffolding design guidelines for developing effective scaffolded tools. The HCI contribution of this paper is a set of scaffolding guidelines distilled from an empirical case study. The study evaluated Symphony, a scaffolded environment for high school students learning science inquiry. The study evaluated the "effects with" the Symphony scaffolds, which described how students worked with the scaffolds to do their science work. The scaffolds were evaluated using several usability and learner-centered criteria, and the resulting information was correlated with structural characteristics of the scaffolds to distill a set of structural scaffolding guidelines. Human Factors CHI Design Theory learning educational applications hci Performance usability University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Chris Quintana Elliot Soloway design guidelines 2002 Joseph Krajcik scaffolding CHI02-012 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Notification for shared annotation of digital documents. Notification and shared annotations go hand-in-hand. Notification of activity in a shared document system is known to support awareness and improve asynchronous collaboration, but few studies have examined user needs and explored design tradeoffs. We examined large-scale use of notifications in a commercial system and found it lacking. We designed and deployed enhancements to the system, then conducted a field study to gauge their effect. We found that providing more information in notification messages, supporting multiple communication channels through which notifications can be received, and allowing customization of notification messages are particularly important. Overall awareness of annotation activity on software specifications increased with our enhancements. CHI Theory Performance Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA communication annotation documents collaboration awareness Anoop Gupta Jonathan Grudin notification notification Measurement field study A.J. Bernheim Brush annotation customization David Bargeron annotation system design 2002 CHI02-013 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves "I'd be overwhelmed, but it's just one more thing to do": availability and interruption in research management. Many CSCW projects dealing with individual availability and interruption filtering achieve only limited success. Perhaps this is because designers of such systems have limited evidence to draw upon; most data on interruption management is at least a decade old. This study uses an empirical sampling method and qualitative interviews to examine attitudes toward availability and interruption. Specifically, we analyze how corporate research managers spend their time and look at how their attitudes toward interruption relate to their various activities. Attitudes toward interruption are marked by a complex tension between wanting to avoid interruption and appreciating its usefulness. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for design, suggesting that the notion of socially translucent systems may be a fruitful approach. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance IBM T.J. Watson Research Center CSCW Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA cscw interruption interruption Thomas Erickson Wendy A. Kellogg interviews attention economy social translucence James E. Christensen availability 2002 James M. Hudson managers time management CHI02-014 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Comparing voodoo dolls and HOMER: exploring the importance of feedback in virtual environments. When creating techniques for manipulating objects at a distance in immersive virtual environments, researchers have primarily focused on increasing selection range, placement range, and placement accuracy. This focus has led researchers to create and formally study a series of "arm-extension" techniques, which dynamically scale the user's arm to allow him to manipulate distant objects. Researchers have also developed representation-based techniques, which allow users to manipulate a distant object by manipulating a copy of it in a handheld representation. However, researchers have not yet formally established the relative value of these techniques. In this paper we present a formal study comparing Voodoo Dolls, a best-practice representation-based technique, with HOMER, a best-practice arm-extension technique. We found that the Voodoo Dolls technique, which provides better feedback by allowing users to view a manipulated object both up close and at a distance, allowed users to both position and orient objects more accurately. Our results suggest that researchers should focus on improving feedback for 3D manipulation techniques. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Performance virtual reality virtual environments selection 3d feedback handheld Jeffery S. Pierce Randy Pausch 2002 object manipulation 3D interaction CHI02-015 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves SmartSkin: an infrastructure for freehand manipulation on interactive surfaces. This paper introduces a new sensor architecture for making interactive surfaces that are sensitive to human hand and finger gestures. This sensor recognizes multiple hand positions and shapes and calculates the distance between the hand and the surface by using capacitive sensing and a mesh-shaped antenna. In contrast to camera-based gesture recognition systems, all sensing elements can be integrated within the surface, and this method does not suffer from lighting and occlusion problems. This paper describes the sensor architecture, as well as two working prototype systems: a table-size system and a tablet-size system. It also describes several interaction techniques that would be difficult to perform without using this architecture. Human Factors CHI Design Performance tablets interaction techniques sensing interactive surface Jun Rekimoto gestures interactive surface gesture recognition gesture recognition Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc., Tokyo, Japan 2002 augmented tables touch-sensitive interfaces two-handed interfaces CHI02-016 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Creating principal 3D curves with digital tape drawing. Previous systems have explored the challenges of designing an interface for automotive styling which combine the metaphor of 2D drawing using physical tape with the simultaneous creation and management of a corresponding virtual 3D model. These systems have been limited to only 2D planar curves while typically the principal characteristic curves of an automotive design are three dimensional and non-planar. We present a system which addresses this limitation. Our system allows a designer to construct these non-planar 3D curves by drawing a series of 2D curves using the 2D tape drawing technique and interaction style. These results are generally applicable to the interface design of 3D modeling applications and also to the design of arm's length interaction on large scale display systems. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation Performance interface design 3d interaction techniques Gordon Kurtenbach Alias I Wavefront, 210 King Street East, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5A 1J7 George Fitzmaurice two-handed interaction Ravin Balakrishnan Bill Buxton Tovi Grossman Azam Khan 2002 3D modeling Alias/wavefront, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada large scale displays tape drawing CHI02-017 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Adaptive testing: effects on user performance. This study examines the effects of interface adaptation on user performance in HCI and CMC. No studies to date have explored the psychological effects of a combination of software performance monitoring and adaptation. This combination is the focus of the present study. Two competing possible effects of adaptive interfaces are presented: 1) Social facilitation, according to which users with high task confidence should perform better, and users with low task confidence should perform less well because their performance is monitored by the interface; and 2) "choking", according to which users with high task confidence should perform less well, and users with low task confidence should perform better because the interface adapts to their performance. A 2 (adaptive vs. non-adaptive) x 2 (high user task confidence vs. low task confidence) x 2 (HCI vs. CMC) laboratory experiment was conducted. Results indicate that for CMC, the social facilitation explanation holds true, while results for HCI were consistent with the "choking" explanation. Implications for the theory and design of adaptive interfaces are discussed. Human Factors CHI Design Theory hci theory Performance experiment CMC Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA cmc adaptive interfaces Clifford Nass 2002 social facilitation intelligent interfaces Eva Jettmar adaptive software adaptive testing performance monitoring CHI02-018 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Effects of four computer-mediated communications channels on trust development. When virtual teams need to establish trust at a distance, it is advantageous for them to use rich media to communicate. We studied the emergence of trust in a social dilemma game in four different communication situations: face-to-face, video, audio, and text chat. All three of the richer conditions were significant improvements over text chat. Video and audio conferencing groups were nearly as good as face-to-face, but both did show some evidence of what we term delayed trust (slower progress toward full cooperation) and fragile trust (vulnerability to opportunistic behavior) Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance audio communication University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA video communication Judith Olson Gary M. Olson trust chat trust Darren Gergle social dilemmas Nathan Bos media 2002 Zach Wright CHI02-019 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Trust without touch: jumpstarting long-distance trust with initial social activities. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is thought to be inadequate when one needs to establish trust. If, however, people meet before using CMC, they trust each other, trust being established through touch. Here we show that if participants do not meet beforehand but rather engage in various getting-acquainted activities over a network, trust is much higher than if they do nothing beforehand, nearly as good as a prior meeting. Using text-chat to get acquainted is nearly as good as meeting, and even just seeing a picture is better than nothing. Human Factors CHI Theory CSCW communication University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA touch Judith Olson Gary M. Olson Elizabeth Veinott mediated communication CMC trust computer-mediated communication cmc computer-mediated communication (cmc) Measurement chat Economics trust Nathan Bos text chat 2002 Jun Zheng communication media cooperation CHI02-020 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Automating CPM-GOMS. CPM-GOMS is a modeling method that combines the task decomposition of a GOMS analysis with a model of human resource usage at the level of cognitive, perceptual, and motor operations. CPM-GOMS models have made accurate predictions about skilled user behavior in routine tasks, but developing such models is tedious and error-prone. We describe a process for automatically generating CPM-GOMS models from a hierarchical task decomposition expressed in a cognitive modeling tool called Apex. Resource scheduling in Apex automates the difficult task of interleaving the cognitive, perceptual, and motor resources underlying common task operators (e.g. mouse move-and-click). Apex's UI automatically generates PERT charts, which allow modelers to visualize a model's complex parallel behavior. Because interleaving and visualization is now automated, it is feasible to construct arbitrarily long sequences of behavior. To demonstrate the process, we present a model of automated teller interactions in Apex and discuss implications for user modeling. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Performance Bonnie E. John visualization cognitive modeling Michael Matessa GOMS Alonso Vera NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA goms 2002 Michael Freed Roger Remington Apex task/user modeling tool support for usability evaluation user modeling CHI02-021 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Investigating human-computer optimization. Scheduling, routing, and layout tasks are examples of hard optimization problems with broad application in industry. Past research in this area has focused on algorithmic issues. However, this approach neglects many important human-computer interaction issues that must be addressed to provide people with practical solutions to optimization problems. Automatic methods do not leverage human expertise and can only find solutions that are optimal with regard to an invariably over-simplified problem description. Furthermore, users must understand the generated solutions in order to implement, justify, or modify them. Interactive optimization helps address these issues but has not previously been studied in detail. This paper describes experiments on an interactive optimization system that explore the most appropriate way to combine the respective strengths of people and computers. Our results show that users can successfully identify promising areas of the search space as well as manage the amount of computational effort expended on different subproblems. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance search human-computer interaction user study MERL-Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs, Cambridge, MA, USA Neal Lesh tabletop interfaces Stacey D. Scott 2002 interactive optimization Gunnar W. Klau human-in-the-loop semi-automatic optimization training systems CHI02-022 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves An evaluation of a multiple interface design solution for bloated software. This study examines a novel interface design for heavily-featured productivity software. The design includes two interfaces between which the user can easily toggle: (1) an interface personalized by the user containing desired features only, and (2) the default interface with all the standard features. This design was prototyped as a front-end to a commercial word processor and evaluated in a comprehensive field study. The study tested the effects of different interface designs on users' satisfaction and their perceived ability to navigate, control, and learn the software. There were two conditions: a commercial word processor with adaptive menus and our two-interface prototype with adaptable menus for the same word processor. Results showed that participants were better able to navigate through the menus and toolbars and were better able to learn with our prototype. There were also significant differences in satisfaction and control with our design. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance interface design field study field study University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada personalization University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Joanna McGrenere Ronald Baecker Kellogg S. Booth individual differences 2002 adaptive/adaptable interfaces bloat featurism CHI02-023 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Introducing instant messaging and chat in the workplace. We report on our experiences of introducing an instant messaging and group chat application into geographically distributed workgroups. We describe a number of issues we encountered, including privacy concerns, individual versus group training, and focusing on teams or individuals. The perception of the tool's utility was a complex issue, depending both on users' views of the importance of informal communication, and their perceptions of the nature of cross-site communication issues. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of critical mass, which is related to the features each user actually uses. More generally, we encountered a dilemma that imposes serious challenges for user-centered design of groupware systems. Human Factors CHI Theory user-centered design distributed teams Performance communication University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA groupware privacy chat Measurement chat groupware im instant messaging (IM) Thomas A. Finholt 2002 James D. Herbsleb David L. Atkins David G. Boyer Mark Handel Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Lisle, IL Avaya Communications, Holmdel, NJ presence awareness technology diffusion CHI02-024 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Hubbub: a sound-enhanced mobile instant messenger that supports awareness and opportunistic interactions. There have been many attempts to support awareness and lightweight interactions using video and audio, but few have been built on widely available infrastructure. Text-based systems have become more popular, but few support awareness, opportunistic conversations, and mobility, three important elements of distributed collaboration. We built on the popularity of text-based Instant Messengers (IM) by building a mobile IM called Hubbub that tries to provide all three, notably through the use of earcons. In a 5.5-month use study, we found that Hubbub helped people feel connected to colleagues in other locations and supported opportunistic interactions. The sounds provided effective awareness cues, although some found them annoying. It was more important to support graceful transitions between multiple fixed locations than to support wireless access, although both were useful. Human Factors CHI Design Theory awareness Performance audio conversation mobile video collaboration awareness mobility mobile computing im earcons instant messaging (IM) Alan Walendowski Ellen Isaacs wireless 2002 PalmPilot Dipti Ranganthan AT&T Labs, Menlo Park, CA sound IDs sound instant messages CHI02-025 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves When conventions collide: the tensions of instant messaging attributed. We discuss findings from observation, interviews, and textual analysis of instant messaging use in a university research lab setting. We propose a method for characterizing the tensions that permeate instant messaging texts and that expose the collision between conventions of verbal and written communication. Given this method, we suggest a design space for exploring potential design choices in instant messaging clients. Finally, we recommend an analysis of communicative conventions as a fruitful lens through which designers might anticipate or circumvent design tensions in emergent computer-mediated communication technologies. Human Factors CHI Theory Performance CSCW communication interaction design Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Elizabeth D. Mynatt mediated communication computer-mediated communication computer-mediated communication Measurement interviews im Amy Voida instant messaging (IM) 2002 Wendy C. Newstetter sociolinguistics CHI02-026 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Women take a wider view. Published reports suggest that males significantly outperform females in navigating virtual environments. A novel navigation technique reported in CHI 2001, when combined with a large display and wide field of view, appeared to reduce that gender bias. That work has been extended with two navigation studies in order to understand the finding under carefully controlled conditions. The first study replicated the finding that a wide field of view coupled with a large display benefits both male and female users and reduces gender bias. The second study suggested that wide fields of view on a large display were useful to females despite a more densely populated virtual world. Implications for design of virtual worlds and large displays are discussed. Specifically, women take a wider field of view to achieve similar virtual environment navigation performance to men. CHI Design Theory Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Performance Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA George G. Robertson Mary Czerwinski virtual environments navigation virtual worlds field of view Measurement large displays Desney S. Tan gender field of view spatial abilities 2002 cognitive maps 3D navigation gender effects landmark knowledge CHI02-027 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2D and 3D physical and virtual environments. User interfaces can improve task performance by exploiting the powerful human capabilities for spatial cognition. This opportunity has been demonstrated by many prior experiments. It is tempting to believe that providing greater spatial flexibility-by moving from flat 2D to 3D user interfaces-will further enhance user performance. This paper describes an experiment that investigates the effectiveness of spatial memory in real-world physical models and in equivalent computer-based virtual systems. The different models vary the user's freedom to use depth and perspective in spatial arrangements of images representing web pages. Results show that the subjects' performance deteriorated in both the physical and virtual systems as their freedom to locate items in the third dimension increased. Subjective measures reinforce the performance measures, indicating that users found interfaces with higher dimensions more 'cluttered' and less efficient. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces Performance information visualization virtual environments experiment 3d 3D user interfaces memory Andy Cockburn University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand spatial memory spatial memory document management 2002 3d user interfaces Bruce McKenzie CHI02-028 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Learning where to look: location learning in graphical user interfaces. A theoretical account is presented on how locations of interface objects are learned and how the mechanisms underlying location learning interact with the representativeness of object labels. The account is embodied in a computational cognitive model built within the ACT-R/PM cognitive architecture [1, 2] and is supported by point-of-gaze and performance data collected in empirical research. The model interacts with the same software under the same experimental task conditions as study participants and replicates both performance and the finer-grained point-of-gaze data. Drawing from the data and model, location learning is characterized as a process that occurs as a by-product of interaction such that, without specific intent to do so, users can gradually learn the locations of the interface objects to which they attend. Characteristics of the user interface shape this learning process, however, by constraining the set of possible strategies for interaction. Locations are learned more quickly when the least-effortful strategy available in the interface explicitly requires retrieval of location knowledge. Human Factors CHI Design Theory learning user interfaces Performance graphical user interfaces cognitive models gaze direct manipulation cognitive modeling 2002 Brian D. Ehret Sun Microsystems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA ACT-R/PM display-based interaction location learning CHI02-029 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves SmartSkip: consumer level browsing and skipping of digital video content. In this paper, we describe an interface for browsing and skipping digital video content in a consumer setting; that is, sitting and watching television from a couch using a standard remote control. We compare this interface with two other interfaces that are in common use today and found that subjective satisfaction was statistically better with the new interface. Performance metrics however, like time to task completion and number of clicks were worse. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA browsing browsing digital video video user interfaces user study Steven M. Drucker 2002 television Asta Glatzer Steven De Mar Curtis Wong DVR PVR skipping CHI02-030 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves How knowledge workers use the web. We report on a diary study of how and why knowledge workers use the World Wide Web. By examining in detail a complete two-day set of Web activities from each of 24 people, we construct a framework with which to describe the different tasks knowledge workers undertake. By looking at the characteristics of each type of activity, we can see how certain activities are unsuited to particular kinds of technologies (e.g., mobile devices); how Web tools might be incrementally improved; and how we might better support knowledge workers' Web tasks in the future. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance World Wide Web mobile mobile technology mobile devices Abigail Sellen diary study diary study Hewlett-Packard Labs, Bristol, United Kingdom world wide web 2002 appliances Rachel Murphy Kate L. Shaw Aston University, Aston Triangle , Birmingham UK knowledge workers taxonomy CHI02-031 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Applying patterns of cooperative interaction to work (re)design: e-government and planning. This paper presents patterns of cooperative interaction derived from ethnographic studies of cooperative work as devices for generalisation, re-use and design. These patterns consist of examples of similar social and interactional phenomena found in different studies that serve as resources for defining and envisaging design concepts, and potential work process and technical solutions. We outline new pattern examples and demonstrate their use in application to a complex setting: e-government in local government planning. Human Factors CHI Design Theory design ethnography 2002 David B. Martin Mark Rouncefield Ian Sommerville Lancaster University, UK e-government patterns of cooperative interaction CHI02-032 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Separating the swarm: categorization methods for user sessions on the web. Understanding user behaviors on Web sites enables site owners to make sites more usable, ultimately helping users to achieve their goals more quickly. Accordingly, researchers have devised methods for categorizing user sessions in hopes of revealing user interests. These techniques build user profiles by combining users' navigation paths with other data features, such as page viewing time, hyperlink structure, and page content. Previously, we have presented complex techniques of combining many of these data features to cluster user profiles. In this paper, we introduce a user study and a systematic evaluation of these different data features and their associated weighting schemes. We present the results of our study, including accuracy measures for a number of clustering approaches, and offer recommendations for Web analysts. While further investigation over more sites is needed to definitively settle on a robust scheme, we have characterized this analytic space. CHI Design Theory user study Experimentation Performance classification World Wide Web navigation Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA user study clustering clustering Ed H. Chi Jeffrey Heer user profiles 2002 data mining user categorization user patterns web mining CHI02-033 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Popout prism: adding perceptual principles to overview+detail document interfaces. We present an overview+detail document interface that draws on perceptual principles to help users work with documents. Central to our approach is the use of improved document overviews. Our approach also includes novel highlighting in the full representation of documents, as well as techniques to help users smoothly transition from the overview to the full representation of the document. We present a specific implementation of our design for Web browsing. We also present a qualitative user study that indicates that our perceptual design principles are effective and that users prefer our interface to traditional "find" and highlighting techniques. Our user study additionally reveals interesting tasks and strategies supported in our framework that have implications for overview+detail document interfaces in general. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user study Performance browsing documents Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA thumbnails University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA web browsing Bongwon Suh Ruth Rosenholtz Allison Woodruff overview+detail 2002 Alyssa Glass document interfaces popout effects CHI02-034 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Keeping things in context: a comparative evaluation of focus plus context screens, overviews, and zooming. Users working with documents that are too large and detailed to fit on the user's screen (e.g. chip designs) have the choice between zooming or applying appropriate visualization techniques. In this paper, we present a comparison of three such techniques. The first, focus plus context screens, are wall-size low-resolution displays with an embedded high-resolution display region. This technique is compared with overview plus detail and zooming/panning. We interviewed fourteen visual surveillance and design professionals from different areas (graphic design, chip design, air traffic control, etc.) in order to create a repre sentative sample of tasks to be used in two experimental comparison studies. In the first experiment, subjects using focus plus context screens to extract information from large static documents completed the two experimental tasks on average 21% and 36% faster than when they used the other interfaces. In the second experiment, focus plus context screens allowed subjects to reduce their error rate in a driving simulation to less than one third of the error rate of the competing overview plus detail setup. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance visualization documents experiment context Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA Patrick Baudisch driving zooming zooming Victoria Bellotti overview+detail Nathaniel S. Good 2002 Pamela Schraedley experimental evaluation focus plus context screens multi scale documents peripheral vision CHI02-035 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Improving focus targeting in interactive fisheye views. Fisheye views allow people to see both a focus region and the surrounding context in the same window. However, the magnification effects of the fisheye lens can cause several problems for users. One of these is focus-targeting, where a user moves the focus to a new location. Magnification makes focus-targeting difficult because objects appear to move as the focus point approaches them. This paper examines how the distortion of a fisheye view affects focus-targeting performance, and present a technique called speed-coupled flattening (SCF) as a way to improve focus targeting in distortion-oriented views. SCF dynamically reduces the distortion level of a fisheye based on pointer velocity and acceleration. In an experiment, the technique resulted in significant reductions in both targeting time and targeting errors. By adjusting distortion based on the user's activity, we can improve usability without requiring the user to manipulate any additional view controls. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance usability Fitts' law experiment context University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Carl Gutwin fisheye views fisheye views focus+context focus-targeting 2002 distortion-oriented visualization speed-coupled flattening CHI02-036 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves SCANMail: a voicemail interface that makes speech browsable, readable and searchable. Increasing amounts of public, corporate, and private speech data are now available on-line. These are limited in their usefulness, however, by the lack of tools to permit their browsing and search. The goal of our research is to provide tools to overcome the inherent difficulties of speech access, by supporting visual scanning, search, and information extraction. We describe a novel principle for the design of UIs to speech data: What You See Is Almost What You Hear (WYSIAWYH). In WYSIAWYH, automatic speech recognition (ASR) generates a transcript of the speech data. The transcript is then used as a visual analogue to that underlying data. A graphical user interface allows users to visually scan, read, annotate and search these transcripts. Users can also use the transcript to access and play specific regions of the underlying message. We first summarize previous studies of voicemail usage that motivated the WYSIAWYH principle, and describe a voicemail UI, SCANMail, that embodies WYSIAWYH. We report on a laboratory experiment and a two-month field trial evaluation. SCANMail outperformed a state of the art voicemail system on core voicemail tasks. This was attributable to SCANMail's support for visual scanning, search and information extraction. While the ASR transcripts contain errors, they nevertheless improve the efficiency of voicemail processing. Transcripts either provide enough information for users to extract key points or to navigate to important regions of the underlying speech, which they can then play directly. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech user interfaces speech recognition Performance browsing AT&T Labs Inc. - Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA Brian Amento search experiment graphical user interfaces empirical evaluation field trial Steve Whittaker voicemail Philip Isenhour speech as data 2002 Julia Hirschberg asynchronous communication speech access Litza Stark Michiel Bacchiani Larry Stead Gary Zamchick Aaron Rosenberg what you see is almost what you hear CHI02-037 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves A comparative study of speech in the call center: natural language call routing vs. touch-tone menus. This paper presents a field study that compares natural language call routing with standard touch-tone menus. Call routing is the task of getting callers to the right place in the call center, which could be the appropriate live agent or automated service. Natural language call routing lets callers describe the reason for their call in their own words, instead of presenting them with a list of menu options to select from using the telephone touch-tone keypad. The field study was conducted in a call center of a large telecommunication service provider. Results show that with natural language call routing, more callers respond to the main routing prompt, more callers are routed to a specific destination (instead of defaulting to a general operator who may have to transfer them), and more callers are routed to the correct agent. Our survey data show that callers overwhelmingly prefer natural language call routing over standard touch-tone menus. Furthermore, natural language call routing can also deliver significant cost savings to call centers. Human Factors CHI Theory speech speech user interfaces Bernhard Suhm Performance agents touch language natural language Measurement field study survey Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Pat Peterson interactive voice-response systems (IVRs) usability 2002 Josh Bers Dan McCarthy Barbara Freeman David Getty Katherine Godfrey call center call routing touch-tone CHI02-038 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Gestural and audio metaphors as a means of control for mobile devices. This paper discusses the use of gesture and non-speech audio as ways to improve the user interface of a mobile music player. Their key advantages mean that users could use a player without having to look at its controls when on the move. Two very different evaluations of the player took place: one based on a standard usability experiment (comparing the new player to a standard design) and the other a video analysis of the player in use. Both of these showed significant usability improvements for the gesture/audio-based interface over a standard visual/pen-based display. The similarities and differences in the results produced by the two studies are discussed. Human Factors CHI Design Theory speech user interfaces Performance usability audio evaluation experiment mobile video gestures pen gestures music Stephen Brewster University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom mobile devices mobile computing non-speech audio 2002 metaphor Antti Pirhonen Christopher Holguin University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä; Finland CHI02-039 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Physical programming: designing tools for children to create physical interactive environments. Physical interactive environments can come in many forms: museum installations, amusement parks, experimental theaters, and more. Programming these environments has historically been done by adults, and children, as the visiting participants, have been offered few pre-created choices to explore. Given these creative limitations, the goal of our research has been to develop programming tools for physical interactive environments that are appropriate for use by young children (ages 4-6). We have explored numerous design approaches over the past two years. Recently we began focusing on a "physical programming" approach and developed a wizard-of-oz prototype for young children. This paper presents the motivation for this research, the evolution of our programming approach, and our recent explorations with children. Human Factors CHI Design Theory children Allison Druin children educational applications Performance programming ubiquitous computing Jaime Montemayor motivation University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA museums wizard-of-oz programming by demonstration 2002 Allison Farber Sante Simms Wayne Churaman Allison D'Amour physical interactive environments physical programming tangible computing CHI02-040 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves A visual language for sketching large and complex interactive designs. Informal, sketch-based design tools closely match the work practices of user interface designers. Current tools, however, are limited in the size and complexity of interaction that can be specified. We have created an advanced sketch-based visual language that allows for easy prototyping of large, complex interactive designs. In its current embodiment in the denim web design tool, the visual language allows designers to sketch reusable components for recurring page elements, such as navigation bars, as well as conditionals to illustrate and test transitions that depend on a user's input. Designers can also specify sites that accept richer user input than simple clicking. Our informal evaluation shows that these features allow designers with little programming experience to quickly create prototypes of large, complex web sites while still working inside an informal, sketch-based environment. Human Factors CHI Design Theory input user interfaces Performance navigation user interface design programming University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA James A. Landay James Lin language sketching prototyping University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark web design visual language web design 2002 Michael Thomsen denim CHI02-041 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Specifying preferences based on user history. Many applications require users to specify preferences. We support users in this task by letting them define preferences relative to their personal history or that of other users. We implement this idea using a graphical technique called control shadows, which we have implemented on both a desktop computer and on a cell phone with a small, grayscale display. An empirical study compared user performance on the graphical interface and a text table interface with identical functionality. On the desktop, users completed their tasks more quickly and effectively and strongly preferred the graphical interface. On the cell phone, there was no significant difference between the graphical and table interfaces. Finally, personal history proved useful in specifying preferences, but history of other users was not helpful. CHI Theory Performance empirical study Loren Terveen AT&T Labs Inc. - Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA Brian Amento Will Hill visualization history cell phones Measurement reuse mobile devices collaborative filtering history 2002 Jessica McMackin CHI02-042 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Observed behavior and perceived value of authors in usenet newsgroups: bridging the gap. In this paper we describe an evaluation of behavioral descriptors generated from an analysis of a large collection of Usenet newsgroup messages. The metrics describe aspects of newsgroup authors' behavior over time; such information can aid in filtering, sorting, and recommending content from public discussion spaces like newsgroups. To assess the value of a variety of these behavioral descriptors, we compared 22 participants' subjective evaluations of authors whose messages they read to behavioral metrics describing the same authors. We found that many metrics, particularly the longevity and frequency of participation, the number of newsgroups to which authors contribute messages, and the amount they contribute to each thread, correlate highly with readers' subjective evaluations of the authors. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance Scott Lee Tiernan Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Andrew T. Fiore Marc A. Smith 2002 social cyberspaces persistent conversations behavioral indicators discussions social accounting CHI02-043 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Diffusing information in organizational settings: learning from experience. Recommender systems selectively circulate information enriched with comments and feedback based on people's experience. These systems filter information in a semi-automatic and high-quality way in order to support a community during their work or leisure practices. However recommender systems are usually separate tools that require a degree of effort to be used, both when receiving information and to insert new feedback. In this paper we present our informal experiences with the use of multiple user interfaces (interactive large screen, email, paper and PDA) as means to improve the diffusion of information through an organizational unit and to improve access to information stored within an existing recommender system. Human Factors CHI Theory learning user interfaces Performance email feedback pda Measurement community serendipity recommender systems recommender systems large screens 2002 information sharing Dave Snowdon Antonietta Grasso Xerox Research Centre Europe, Grenoble, France CHI02-044 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves A tangible interface for organizing information using a grid. The task of organizing information is typically performed either by physically manipulating note cards or sticky notes or by arranging icons on a computer with a graphical user interface. We present a new tangible interface platform for manipulating discrete pieces of abstract information, which attempts to combine the benefits of each of these two alternatives into a single system. We developed interaction techniques and an example application for organizing conference papers. We assessed the effectiveness of our system by experimentally comparing it to both graphical and paper interfaces. The results suggest that our tangible interface can provide a more effective means of organizing, grouping, and manipulating data than either physical operations or graphical computer interaction alone. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces tangible Performance CSCW MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA interaction techniques graphical user interfaces tangible interface Hiroshi Ishii direct manipulation tangible user interface experiment Robert J.K. Jacob physical interaction James Patten scheduling sensing board 2002 Gian Pangaro MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA and Tufts University, Medford, MA conference planning CHI02-045 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Cognitive cubes: a tangible user interface for cognitive assessment. Assessments of spatial, constructional ability are used widely in cognitive research and in clinical diagnosis of disease or injury. Some believe that three-dimensional (3D) forms of these assessments would be particularly sensitive, but difficulties with consistency in administration and scoring have limited their use. We describe Cognitive Cubes, a novel computerized tool for 3D constructional assessment that increases consistency and promises improvements in flexibility, reliability, sensitivity and control. Cognitive Cubes makes use of ActiveCube, a novel tangible user interface for describing 3D shape. In testing, Cognitive Cubes was sensitive to differences in cognitive ability and task, and correlated well to a standard paper-and-pencil 3D spatial assessment. Human Factors CHI Theory user interfaces tangible Performance 3d tangible user interface Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA tangible user interface Ehud Sharlin Yoshifumi Kitamura Osaka University, Osaka, Japan spatial abilities 2002 Benjamin Watson Yuichi Itoh Steve Sutphen Lili Liu University Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada cognitive assessment constructional ability neuropsychological assessment three-dimensional user interfaces CHI02-046 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Illuminating clay: a 3-D tangible interface for landscape analysis. This paper describes a novel system for the real-time computational analysis of landscape models. Users of the system - called Illuminating Clay - alter the topography of a clay landscape model while the changing geometry is captured in real-time by a ceiling-mounted laser scanner. A depth image of the model serves as an input to a library of landscape analysis functions. The results of this analysis are projected back into the workspace and registered with the surfaces of the model.We describe a scenario for which this kind of tool has been developed and we review past work that has taken a similar approach. We describe our system architecture and highlight specific technical issues in its implementation.We conclude with a discussion of the benefits of the system in combining the tangible immediacy of physical models with the dynamic capabilities of computational simulations. Human Factors CHI Theory input tangible Performance MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA tangible interface Hiroshi Ishii tangible user interface Measurement University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom GIS 2002 Ben Piper Carlo Ratti 3D laser scanner DEM landscape design physical models CHI02-047 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Designing online banner advertisements: should we animate? A common medium for advertising on the Internet is the use of banner ads. This study investigates recall and recognition of animated banner advertisements in an attempt to identify design guidelines. It was hypothesized that animation would increase recall and recognition of novel ads by increasing user awareness. No significant relationships were found between the use of animation and ability to recall and recognize banner ads. Results indicate that animation does not enhance user memory of online banner advertisements. CHI Design Theory Experimentation Performance animation awareness memory animation recognition 2002 Michelle E. Bayles Wichita State University, Wichita, KS banner ads online advertisements recall CHI02-048 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Statistical profiles of highly-rated web sites. We are creating an interactive tool to help non-professional web site builders create high quality designs. We have previously reported that quantitative measures of web page structure can predict whether a site will be highly or poorly rated by experts, with accuracies ranging from 67--80%. In this paper we extend that work in several ways. First, we compute a much larger set of measures (157 versus 11), over a much larger collection of pages (5300 vs. 1900), achieving much higher overall accuracy (94% on average) when contrasting good, average, and poor pages. Second, we introduce new classes of measures that can make assessments at the site level and according to page type (home page, content page, etc.). Finally, we create statistical profiles of good sites, and apply them to an existing design, showing how that design can be changed to better match high-quality designs. CHI Theory Performance World Wide Web University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Measurement home empirical study Marti A. Hearst 2002 Melody Y. Ivory automated usability evaluation web site design CHI02-049 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves HutchWorld: clinical study of computer-mediated social support for cancer patients and their caregivers. To address the needs of cancer patients and their caregivers, Microsoft Research and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center developed HutchWorld, an online community environment, to provide computer-mediated social and informational support. In a controlled clinical study, we deployed HutchWorld to bone marrow transplant patients and their caregivers and assessed the impact of Internet access and HutchWorld on their quality of life. We found that Internet access and the use of HutchWorld helped to buffer study participants against reductions in life satisfaction and social support following the transplant procedure. In particular, participants used the Internet to seek out support from family and friends. CHI Theory Performance Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA computer-mediated communication Measurement community Shelly Farnham families health online communities online communities social support 2002 Lili Cheng Linda Stone Melora Zaner-Godsey Christopher Hibbeln Karen Syrjala Ann Marie Clark Janet Abrams Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA empirical research CHI02-050 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Design as a minority discipline in a software company: toward requirements for a community of practice. This paper provides a description of designers' work practices in a software company. We describe a participatory analysis of the diversity of working relations and roles of designers of IBM's Lotus software products. Designers are an example of a minority discipline - that is, a discipline whose members are often isolated in their work teams among coworkers with different training, backgrounds, and career paths. We explore differences between the practices of designers of Lotus software products and the published reports of design practices in group settings. Human Factors CHI Theory design techniques Performance design user study community IBM Research, Cambridge, MA, USA community of practice Michael J. Muller knowledge management 2002 work analysis Kenneth Carey CHI02-051 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Designing for improved social responsibility, user participation and content in on-line communities. Web sites face difficult challenges in supporting successful communities. In this paper we discuss 2 operating web sites, identically designed but with different and distinct audiences. These sites collect user data from site activity and feed it back to the user community in novel ways. The sites are highly active and growing, and have fostered socially conscious, easily navigable and comprehensible on-line communities with little cost and maintenance. The practice of user data collection and re-purposing we describe works particularly well in highly contextual or information /resource-driven communities. These sites also integrate custom content authoring tools and track their use. The authoring tools were designed to quickly grow a specialized "knowledge base" of content created by users and published to a larger audience. A status system encourages the participation of users to contribute to this knowledge base, while increasing social awareness and responsibility in areas of high user interaction. All user activity, communications, and feedback are tracked. Then data is compiled and re-incorporated into scalable solutions for better navigability, content filtering, and presentation of contents to a larger audience. This practice creates a uniquely high quality of interaction within web communities. CHI Design Theory Performance Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA awareness feedback trust community Shelly Farnham community feedback reputation context 2002 Sean Uberoi Kelly Christopher Sung eTonal Media, inc., New York, NY navigability social awareness social responsibility user participation CHI02-052 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Unremarkable computing. In this paper, we seek to contribute to the Ubiquitous Computing agenda by focusing on one of its earliest, but most difficult, design ambitions - making technology "invisible in use". We draw on field studies of domestic life as this domain is becoming increasingly important for new technologies and challenges many of the assumptions we take for granted in the design of technologies for the workplace. We use some examples of domestic routines to identify a number of insights into what it means for features of activities to be "unremarkable". We conclude by using these insights to critique some of the current emphases in Ubiquitous Computing research, and suggest how we might better understand the HCI issues of what will be required to develop technologies that really are "invisible in use" CHI Theory hci Performance CSCW ubiquitous computing tangible interface ubiquitous computing Measurement ethnography field study Peter Tolmie domestic technology 2002 James Pycock Tim Diggins Allan MacLean Alain Karsenty Xerox Research Centre Europe, Cambridge, UK ambient intelligence CHI02-053 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Comparing paper and tangible, multimodal tools. In command posts, officers maintain situational awareness using paper maps, Post-it notes, and hand-written annotations. They do so because paper is robust to failure, it is portable, it offers a flexible means of capturing information, it has ultra-high resolution, and it readily supports face-to-face collaboration. We report herein on an evaluation comparing maps and Post-its with a tangible multimodal system called Rasa. Rasa augments these paper tools with sensors, enabling it to recognize the multimodal language (both written and spoken) that naturally occurs on them. In this study, we found that not only do users prefer Rasa to paper alone, they find it as easy or easier to use than paper tools. Moreover, Rasa introduces no discernible overhead in its operation other than error repair, yet grants the benefits inherent in digital systems. Finally, subjects confirmed that by combining physical and computational tools, Rasa is resistant to computational failure. CHI Theory multimodal tangible Performance sensors augmented reality tangible interface collaboration awareness multimodal interfaces language Measurement Phil Cohen mixed reality 2002 David R. McGee R. Matthews Wesson Sheilah Horman Rich Interaction Environments, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR invisible interfaces CHI02-054 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Making sense of sensing systems: five questions for designers and researchers. This paper borrows ideas from social science to inform the design of novel "sensing" user-interfaces for computing technology. Specifically, we present five design challenges inspired by analysis of human-human communication that are mundanely addressed by traditional graphical user interface designs (GUIs). Although classic GUI conventions allow us to finesse these questions, recent research into innovative interaction techniques such as 'Ubiquitous Computing' and 'Tangible Interfaces' has begun to expose the interaction challenges and problems they pose. By making them explicit we open a discourse on how an approach similar to that used by social scientists in studying human-human interaction might inform the design of novel interaction mechanisms that can be used to handle human-computer communication accomplishments. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user interfaces tangible Performance communication interaction techniques ubiquitous computing graphical user interfaces sensing tangible interface Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA ubiquitous computing W. Keith Edwards Austin Henderson Rebecca E. Grinter Victoria Bellotti design framework 2002 Maribeth Back Cristina Lopes Rivendel Consulting & Design Inc., La Honda, CA human-machine communication sensing input social science CHI02-055 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Polyarchy visualization: visualizing multiple intersecting hierarchies. We describe a new information structure composed of multiple intersecting hierarchies, which we call Polyarchies. Visualizing polyarchies enables use of novel views for discovery of relationships which are very difficult using existing hierarchy visualization tools. This paper will describe the visualization design and system architecture challenges as well as our current solutions. A Mid-Tier Cache architecture is used as a "polyarchy server" which supports a novel web-based polyarchy visualization technique, called Visual Pivot. A series of five user studies guided iterative design of Visual Pivot. CHI Theory user study Performance 3D Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA information visualization George G. Robertson Mary Czerwinski visualization Measurement user study animation Daniel Robbins 2002 Kim Cameron hierarchy metadirectory polyarchy query language CHI02-056 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Sotto voce: exploring the interplay of conversation and mobile audio spaces. In addition to providing information to individual visitors, electronic guidebooks have the potential to facilitate social interaction between visitors and their companions. However, many systems impede visitor interaction. By contrast, our electronic guidebook, Sotto Voce, has social interaction as a primary design goal. The system enables visitors to share audio information - specifically, they can hear each other's guidebook activity using a technologically mediated audio eavesdropping mechanism. We conducted a study of visitors using Sotto Voce while touring a historic house. The results indicate that visitors are able to use the system effectively, both as a conversational resource and as an information appliance. More surprisingly, our results suggest that the technologically mediated audio often cohered the visitors' conversation and activity to a far greater degree than audio delivered through the open air. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance audio conversation mobile Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA social interaction interaction analysis Rebecca E. Grinter Allison Woodruff Paul M. Aoki Amy Hurst Margaret H. Szymanski James D. Thornton 2002 electronic guidebooks shared audio CHI02-057 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Age-old practices in the 'new world': a study of gift-giving between teenage mobile phone users. In this paper, we present an overview of the data collected from an ethnographic study of teenagers and their use of mobile phones. Through the data, we suggest that teenagers use their phones to participate in social practices that closely resemble forms of ritualised gift-giving. Such practices, we claim, shape the way teenagers understand and thus use their phones. We go onto show that this insight into everyday, phone-mediated activities has practical implications for mobile phone design. Using an example, we describe how teenagers' gift-giving practices can inform design, providing an initial means to conceptualise future emerging technologies. CHI Theory Management mobile cell phones Measurement ethnography Alex S. Taylor mobile phones Richard Harper mobile phones text messaging SMS gift-giving teenagers 2002 University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey CHI02-058 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Finding others online: reputation systems for social online spaces. In this paper, we examine what types of reputation information users find valuable when selecting someone to interact with in online environments. In an online experiment, we asked users to imagine that they were looking for a partner for a social chat. We found that similarity to the user and ratings from the user's friends were the most valuable pieces of reputation information when selecting chat partners. The context in which reputations were used (social chat, game or newsgroup) affected the self-reported utility of the pieces of reputation information. Human Factors CHI Theory Performance Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA experiment context Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA chat collaboration Shelly Farnham Carlos Jensen recommendation systems reputation e-commerce filtering 2002 John Davis Cchat deviance online gaming CHI02-059 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Groupware walkthrough: adding context to groupware usability evaluation. Discount usability evaluation methods have recently been introduced as a way to assess groupware systems. However, one criticism of these techniques is that they do not make use of information about users and their work contexts. To address this problem, we developed groupware walkthrough, a new usability inspection technique for groupware. The technique is a substantive modification of cognitive walkthrough to include consideration for the complexities of teamwork. The two components of groupware walkthrough are a task model for identifying and analysing real-world collaborative tasks, and a walkthrough process for assessing a system's support for those tasks. Groupware walkthrough is a low-cost technique that can identify collaboration-specific usability problems and can find problems that would not be revealed through other inspection methods. Human Factors CHI Design Theory Performance usability context collaboration groupware usability evaluation University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada David Pinelle Carl Gutwin usability inspection usability inspection 2002 cognitive walkthrough groupware walkthrough mechanics of collaboration CHI02-060 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves Cognitive walkthrough for the web. This paper proposes a transformation of the Cognitive Walkthrough (CW), a theory-based usability inspection method that has proven useful in designing applications that support use by exploration. The new Cognitive Walkthrough for the Web (CWW) is superior for evaluating how well websites support users' navigation and information search tasks. The CWW uses Latent Semantic Analysis to objectively estimate the degree of semantic similarity (information scent) between representative user goal statements (100-200 words) and heading/link texts on each web page. Using an actual website, the paper shows how the CWW identifies three types of problems in web page designs. Three experiments test CWW predictions of users' success rates in accomplishing goals, verifying the value of CWW for identifying these usability problems. Human Factors CHI Design Theory theory Performance usability search navigation University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA cognitive models latent semantic analysis information scent usability inspection information scent web navigation Marilyn Hughes Blackmon Peter G. Polson Muneo Kitajima National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan link labels headings 2002 cognitive walkthrough web usability Clayton Lewis CHI02-061 April 20, 2002 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves A survey of user-centered design practice. This paper reports the results of a recent survey of user-centered design (UCD) practitioners. The survey involved over a hundred respondents who were CHI'2000 attendees or current UPA members. The paper identifies the most widely used methods and processes, the key factors that predict success, and the critical tradeoffs practitioners must make in applying UCD methods and processes. Results show that cost-benefit tradeoffs are a key consideration in the adoption of UCD methods. Measures of UCD effectiveness are lacking and rarely applied. There is also a major discrepancy between the commonly cited measures and the actually applied ones. These results have implications for the introduction, deployment, and execution of UCD projects. Human Factors CHI Design Theory user-centered design Performance survey University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada methodology user-centered design HCI professionals 2002 Karel Vredenburg Ji-Ye Mao Paul W. Smith Tom Carey IBM, Toronto, Canada organizational impact usability engineering CHI03-001 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Peephole displays: pen interaction on spatially aware handheld computers. The small size of handheld computers provides theconvenience of mobility at the expense of reduced screen space for display and interaction. Prior research has identified the value of spatially aware displays, in which a position-tracked display provides a window on a larger virtual workspace. This paper builds on that work by suggesting two-handed interaction techniques combining pen input with spatially aware displays. Enabling simultaneous navigation and manipulation yields the ability to create and edit objects larger than the screen and to drag and drop in 3-D. Four prototypes of the Peephole Display hardware were built, and several Peephole-augmented applications were written, including a drawing program, map viewer, and calendar. Multiple applications can be embedded into a personal information space anchored to the user's physical reference frame. A usability study with 24 participants shows that the Peephole technique can be more effective than current methods for navigating information on handheld computers. Human Factors CHI input Experimentation usability navigation interaction techniques University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA two-handed interaction pen mobility mobile computing handheld pen input handheld computers personal information spaces 2003 Ka-Ping Yee spatially aware displays 3-D drag-and-drop two-handed interaction CHI03-002 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems The evolution of buildings and implications for the design of ubiquitous domestic environments. This paper considers how we may realize future ubiquitous domestic environments. Building upon previous work on how buildings evolve by Stewart Brand, we suggest the need to broaden existing considerations of interactive design for domestic environments. We identify a number of classes of research activity and the issues associated with these. We then consider the ways in which current buildings undergo continual change. In doing so we outline the stakeholders involved, the representations used and the way change is managed. We contrast our understanding of how buildings change with research activities before identifying new challenges that will need to be addressed by those involved in designing ubiquitous technologies for domestic environments. Human Factors CHI Design Theory ubiquitous computing University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Tom Rodden Steve Benford 2003 domestic environments CHI03-003 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Technology probes: inspiring design for and with families. We describe a new method for use in the process of co-designing technologies with users called technology probes. Technology probes are simple, flexible, adaptable technologies with three interdisciplinary goals: the social science goal of understanding the needs and desires of users in a real-world setting, the engineering goal of field-testing the technology, and the design goal of inspiring users and researchers to think about new technologies. We present the results of designing and deploying two technology probes, the messageProbe and the videoProbe, with diverse families in France, Sweden, and the U.S. We conclude with our plans for creating new technologies for and with families based on our experiences. Human Factors CHI Design Allison Druin Experimentation Catherine Plaisant Michel Beaudouin-Lafon Benjamin B. Bederson computer-mediated communication ethnography Wendy Mackay INRIA and LRI - University Paris-Sud & CNRS, Orsay, France home University of Mayland, College Park, MD, USA families Nicolas Roussel 2003 Stéphane Conversy Hilary Hutchinson Bo Westerlund Helen Evans Heiko Hansen Björn Eiderbäck CID, NADA/Kungl Tekniska Högskolan, Stockholm, Sweden participatory design and cooperative design CHI03-004 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Design and user evaluation of a joystick-operated full-screen magnifier. The paper reports on two development cycles of a joystick-operated full-screen magnifier for visually impaired users. In the first cycle of evaluation, seven visually impaired computer users evaluated the system in comprehension-based sessions using text documents. After considering feedback from these evaluators, a second version of the system was produced and evaluated by a further six visually impaired users. The second evaluation was conducted using information-seeking tasks using Web pages. In both evaluations, the 'thinking aloud protocol' was used. This study makes several contributions to the field. First, it is perhaps the first published study investigating the use of a joystick as an absolute and relative pointing device to control a screen magnifier. Second, the present study revealed that for most of the visually impaired users who participated in the study the joystick had good spatial, cognitive and ergonomic attributes, even for those who had never before used a joystick. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation documents pointing feedback visually impaired users 2003 Sri Kurniawan Alasdair King David Gareth Evans Paul Blenkhorn UMIST, Manchester, United Kingdom joystick screen magnifier CHI03-005 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Older adults and visual impairment: what do exposure times and accuracy tell us about performance gains associated with multimodal feedback? This study examines the effects of multimodal feedback on the performance of older adults with different visual abilities. Older adults possessing normal vision (n=29) and those who have been diagnosed with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (n=30) performed a series of drag-and-drop tasks under varying forms of feedback. User performance was assessed with measures of feedback exposure times and accuracy. Results indicated that for some cases, non-visual (e.g. auditory or haptic) and multimodal (bi- and trimodal) feedback forms demonstrated significant performance gains over the visual feedback form, for both AMD and normally sighted users. In addition to visual acuity, effects of manual dexterity and computer experience are considered. Human Factors CHI Design multimodal Performance Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Julie A. Jacko Ingrid U. Scott feedback haptic visually impaired users visual feedback Francois Sainfort Leon Barnard Paula J. Edwards V. Kathlene Emery Thitima Kongnakorn Kevin P. Moloney multimodal feedback multimodality age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 2003 Brynley S. Zorich Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL CHI03-006 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Multiple haptic targets for motion-impaired computer users. Although a number of studies have reported that force feedback gravity wells can improve performance in "point-and-click" tasks, there have been few studies addressing issues surrounding the use of gravity wells for multiple on-screen targets. This paper investigates the performance of users, both with and without motion-impairments, in a "point-and-click" task when an undesired haptic distractor is present. The importance of distractor location is studied explicitly. Results showed that gravity wells can still improve times and error rates, even on occasions when the cursor is pulled into a distractor. The greatest improvement is seen for the most impaired users. In addition to traditional measures such as time and errors, performance is studied in terms of measures of cursor movement along a path. Two cursor measures, angular distribution and temporal components, are proposed and their ability to explain performance differences is explored. Human Factors CHI Design Performance feedback haptic Measurement University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom force feedback cursor control force feedback 2003 Faustina Hwang Simeon Keates Patrick Langdon P. John Clarkson Wingman motion-impaired CHI03-007 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Semi-public displays for small, co-located groups. The majority of systems using public displays to foster awareness have focused on providing information across remote locations or among people who are loosely connected and lack awareness of each other's activities or interests. We have, however, identified many potential benefits for an awareness system that displays information within a small, co-located group in which the members already possess some awareness of each other's activities. By using "Semi-Public Displays," public displays scoped for small groups, we can make certain types of information visible in the environment, promoting collaboration and providing lightweight information about group activity. Compared to designing for large, loosely connected groups, designing for Semi-Public Displays mitigates typically problematic issues in sustaining relevant content for the display and minimizing privacy concerns. We are using these applications to support and enhance the interactions and information that group members utilize to maintain awareness and collaborate. Human Factors CHI Design awareness Experimentation information visualization ubiquitous computing Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Elizabeth D. Mynatt collaboration awareness privacy community Elaine M. Huang peripheral displays 2003 CHI03-008 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Designing novel interactional workspaces to support face to face consultations. This paper describes the design and deployment of a novel interactional workspace, intended to provide more effective support for face-to-face consultations between two parties. We focus on the initial consultations between customer and agent that take place during the development of complex products. Findings from an ethnographic study of the existing use of technological systems show the interaction during such consultations to be disjointed and not well supported. As an alternative approach, we developed a novel arrangement of multiple displays intended to promote shoulder-to-shoulder collaboration using a variety of interlinked representations and visualizations. The resulting interactional workspace was used by a travel company as part of a large international trade show attended by the general public. The many consultations that took place between agents and customers were quite different, proving to be more equitable, open, fluid and congenial. Human Factors CHI Design Experimentation agents visualization collaboration ethnography Yvonne Rogers University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Tom Rodden University of Sussex, Brighton, UK 2003 Ian Taylor John Halloran CHI03-009 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Social coordination around a situated display appliance. Advances in display technology are creating more opportunities for situating displays in our environment. While these displays share some common design principles with display-based interaction at the desktop PC, situated displays also have unique characteristics and values that raise particular design considerations and challenges. In order to further understand situated display design we present a field study of RoomWizard, an interactive room reservation display appliance designed to be mounted outside meeting rooms. The findings illustrate important ways that individual and social behaviours were oriented around the persistent situated displays. These observed behaviours are discussed in relation to particular design characteristics of RoomWizard. We conclude by highlighting more general themes supporting the design of other situated display technologies. Human Factors CHI Design ethnography coordination field study Mark Perry Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom Kenton O'Hara 2003 Simon Lewis The Appliance Studio, University Gate, Park Row, Bristol, UK CHI03-010 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Comparative effectiveness of augmented reality in object assembly. Although there has been much speculation about the potential of Augmented Reality (AR), there are very few empirical studies about its effectiveness. This paper describes an experiment that tested the relative effectiveness of AR instructions in an assembly task. Task information was displayed in user's field of view and registered with the workspace as 3D objects to explicitly demonstrate the exact execution of a procedure step. Three instructional media were compared with the AR system: a printed manual, computer assisted instruction (CAI) using a monitor-based display, and CAI utilizing a head-mounted display. Results indicate that overlaying 3D instructions on the actual work pieces reduced the error rate for an assembly task by 82%, particularly diminishing cumulative errors - errors due to previous assembly mistakes. Measurement of mental effort indicated decreased mental effort in the AR condition, suggesting some of the mental calculation of the assembly task is offloaded to the system. CHI empirical study human-computer interaction experiment augmented reality 3d field of view augmented reality Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Arthur Tang Charles Owen Frank Biocca usability study 2003 Weimin Mou computer assisted instruction CHI03-011 April 05, 2003 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Information use of service technicians in difficult cases. Service technicians in the field often come across difficult service problems that are new to them. They have a large number of resources that they can draw on to deal with such problems, including both people and documents. We have undertaken a detailed study of technicians' everyday work, and have discovered two distinct types of information use, reflecting two different problem-solving practices. The less frequently used problem-solving practice is instruction following, where technicians follow company-documented Repair Analysis Procedures (RAPs). The second, more common practice is gleaning, where the information is gathered from many sources -- including other technicians and informal tips, which are documents written by technicians describing their invented solutions to hard service problems. Our observations show how the informational and interface afford