2008 News
Jaguar Upgrade Brings ORNL Closer to Petascale Computing
Upgrades to Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Jaguar supercomputer have more than doubled its performance, increasing the system's ability to deliver far-reaching advances in climate studies, energy research, and a wide range of sciences. "This is an important advancement," said Thomas Zacharia, part-time professor in the Computational Science and Engineering Division and ORNL associate laboratory director for computing and computational sciences. Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Pre-Teens Re-Invent Themselves on the Web
As interactive websites for children proliferate, more and more kids and ‘tweens are developing alter egos to explore life in cyberworld. “Get used to it,” said interactive computing professor Amy Bruckman, who studies how children interact with computers. “Identity formation is a key part of what kids go through, and these sites offer that opportunity.” Source: The New York Times
CSE Grad Student Wins Best Poster at IPDPS
Kamesh Madduri won the best poster award in the Ph. D. Forum at the 22nd IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS) held April 14-18 in Miami. Madduri’s research in computational science and high-performance computing beat out 72 other submissions to win one of two prizes in the competition.
Security Experts Focus on VOIP
Many of the vulnerabilities that have made e-mail security problem are spreading to voice-over-IP systems, raising the specter of a new generation of security threats. “There is no reason to believe the bad guys will not exploit this,” said Mustaque Ahamad, professor of computer science and director of Georgia Tech’s Information Security Center. Source: Government Computer News
CoC Dean Named to Corporate Advisory Board
Certess, Inc., a provider of functional qualification tools for systems on a chip (SoCs) and intellectual property (IP) blocks, has formed a technical advisory board (TAB) that includes Dean Richard DeMillo and other academic leaders in computer science. Source: Business Wire
Your Phone Knows Where You Are
Associate professor Ling Liu spoke at Northwestern University recently about the work she and her colleagues are doing on location-based computing. “Everybody has cell phones and wireless laptops and we are all turned on in terms of connectivity, and therefore people know where we are,” she said. Source: Medill Reports
SIGGRAPH 2008 Papers Selected
A jury of industry and academic experts considered a record-breaking 518 submissions before choosing 90 papers for presentation at SIGGRAPH 2008. "These presentations give us a glimpse into a future with highly realistic computer games, stunning feature film special effects, intelligent cameras, and rich photo manipulation tools," said SIC Associate Professor Greg Turk, chair of the Technical Papers Jury. Source: Business Wire
Animal Behavior Study Could Lead to Better Robots
Three RIM faculty members are participating in a new $7.5 million study, led by the University of Pennsylvania and involving eight universities, that will “focus on the development of biologically inspired cooperative strategies for large teams of unmanned robots, including aerial and ground robots.” Source: University of Pennsylvania
Six CoC Students Win 2008 Anita Borg Memorial Scholarships
The Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship, a $10,000 academic award, is given
annually by Google to women studying computer science who show a
commitment to advancing women in technology. Three other CoC students
and one student in ISyE were finalists for the award, each winning $1,000.
The Spy Who Bugged Me
RIM faculty members Ron Arkin, Tucker Balch, Henrik Christensen and Frank Dellaert are participating in a $38 million project involving nine universities and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory to build insect-sized robots for government spying operations. Source: New Hampshire Union Leader
Computerized Combat Glove Takes the Load Out of Wearable Computers
A recent start-up company formed by students at MIT has developed the Handwear Computer Input Device (HCID), a lightweight computer glove that could greatly improve on earlier, heavier military technology. Thad Starner, an associate professor of computing at Georgia Tech University, says "The problem with most new soldier technologies is that people are trying to do too much.” Source: InventorSpot
17th Annual Honors & Awards Celebration
The College of Computing at Georgia Tech hosted its 17th
Annual Awards Celebration on April 22, 2008. Master of Ceremony and CoC Dean Rich DeMillo led the
College in congratulating students, faculty and staff on another
exciting and productive year.
Former GVU Affiliate to Direct School of Computing at Clemson
Larry F. Hodges has been named director of the School of Computing in the College of Engineering and Science at Clemson University effective July 1. In 1988, Hodges and colleague Bill Ribarsky started the Georgia Tech Computer Graphics Interest Group, or TechGraph, which eventually led to the founding of GVU in 1991. Source: Clemson University
Christensen to Lead National Team in Roadmapping Robotics Growth
Henrik I. Christensen, KUKA Chair of Robotics at CoC, will head a group of academic leaders from 11 universities in an effort to develop a unified research agenda for robotics across government, industry and academia, Georgia Tech and Carnegie Mellon University announced today in a joint statement.
SIC Professor to Speak about Wearable Computers
Thad Starner, an associate professor in the School of Interactive Computing, will present a lecture about wearable computers Wednesday at Berry College. “Reading Your Mind: Interfaces for Wearable Computing” begins at 7 p.m. Wednesday, in the Berry College science auditorium. Admission is free. Source: Rome News Tribune
Robot 'Bouncer' Raises Ethical Concerns
The owner of a downtown Atlanta pub is using a homemade, remote-controlled robot to patrol the area and discourage people from loitering. Henrik Christensen, director of Georgia Tech's Robotics and Intelligent Machines Center, says the so-called "Bum Bot" exploits the anxiety that underlies Hollywood stereotypes of violent robots. Source: The Washington Post.
2008 UROC Symposium a Manifold Success
Congratulations to the winners of the 2008 UROC! Seventeen teams competed for cash and prizes in this year's annual Undergraduate Research Opportunities in Computing Research Symposium, which took place April 16.
CoC Grad Student Wins 3rd Place in Biz Competition
A team consisting of a CoC graduate student in computer science and two
other Georgia Tech grad students took third place in the University of
Oregon’s New Venture Championship. Shwetak Patel (Ph.D. Computer Science) and his two teammates
won $5,000 to invest in their business, ElectriSense.
Swarm Intelligence Inspired by Animal Behavior
Research into the sometimes coordinated behavior of birds and bees is helping scientists create computer programs that can enhance surveillance photos, quickly sort through military reports and even enable individual robots to navigate within an army of fellow automatons. Tucker Balch, associate professor in the School of Interactive Computing, said “swarm intelligence” applied to some problems can result in pretty good solutions pretty quickly. Source: MSNBC
CoC Undergrads Win Research Awards for Summer
A half dozen undergraduates in the College of Computing have won President’s Undergraduate Research Awards (PURA) and will receive a salary to do research over the summer.
Six from CoC Receive Georgia Tech Honors
Georgia Tech has honored three faculty members and three staff members from the College of Computing with awards for their service to the Institute.
Damballa Discovers New BotArmy
A security company spun off from research conducted at The
College of Computing has discovered a new botnet – Kraken – that allegedly has
infected more than 400,000 computers worldwide to generate spam. CoC Associate Dean Merrick Furst, Associate Professor Wenke Lee, and Ph.D. student David Dagon founded Damballa.Source: Washington Post
CoC Faculty Member Testifies Before Congressional Committee
Professor Seymour (Sy) Goodman, jointly appointed to the College of Computing and the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, returned to Capitol Hill for a fifth time last week to testify before lawmakers about ways to create a safer and more secure cyberspace.
New Book by CoC Alumna Hits the Stores
Following on from her well-received title Taking Your iPhone to the Max, Mac Guru and CoC alumna Erica Sadun switches her attention to Apple's newest super-gadget with her new book, Taking Your iPod touch to the Max. Sadun earned her Ph.D. in Computer Science in 1996. Source: TechPedia
Humans Form Emotional Bonds with Robots
Some homeowners assign names and genders to their Roombas. Others dress them in school colors, or refer to them as "my baby." A survey of nearly 400 Roomba owners conducted late last year by SIC Associate Professor Beki Grinter and grad student Ja-Young Sung shows the human-robot connection takes myriad forms. Source: New ScientistTech
Georgia Tech and Top Italian Universities Launch Dual Master’s Programs
The College of Computing and the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering are partnering with two leading Italian universities, the University of Trento and the Politecnico di Torino, to offer dual master’s degrees in computer science and electrical and computer engineering.
Make Robots, Not War
As military robots grow more sophisticated, some of their
designers are trying to prevent autonomous ones making decisions or being used as killing machines.
But CoC Regents' Professor Ronald Arkin says that because robots' judgments
will be unclouded by fear or other emotions, they will be less likely than
human soldiers to break the ethical conventions of war. Source: New Scientist Tech.
IT on Campus: What the Future Holds
Information technology permeates every aspect of the campus these days. At The Chronicle's Technology Forum, three experts – including Richard A. DeMillo, dean of the College of Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology – spoke about what the future may hold for IT. "For good or bad, we are in the position of having to simultaneously react to what is going on in the IT industry and anticipate it," said DeMillo. Source: Chronicle of Higher Education.
The College of Computing Jumps in National Rankings
CoC jumped into the Top 10 in the latest rankings of graduate computer science (CS) programs by U.S. News & World Report. Now ranked 9th in the nation overall, the CoC moved up from the 11th position held in 2007 and is now tied with the University of Texas-Austin. In CS specialty areas, the College moved up in Artificial Intelligence to 7th and in Systems to 10th. Theory was ranked 9th again, as last year.
Killer Robots a Threat to Humanity?
Increasingly autonomous, gun-toting robots developed for warfare pose a threat to humanity and may one day unleash a robot arms race, warns a top Canadian expert on artificial intelligence. But CoC Regents' Professor Ronald Arkin, who has worked closely with the US military on robotics, says the shift toward autonomy will be gradual and that robots may have a place on the front lines. Source: Canada.com
IBM, Universities Launch Research Collaboration for Cloud Computing
IBM announced yesterday that it will collaborate with Georgia Tech and Ohio State University on an initiative to develop new autonomic technology for cloud computing. “(W)ithout the coordinated use of hardware, operating systems, middleware and applications, it will simply not be possible to meet the demands of tomorrow's critical applications and systems that support them," said Karsten Schwan, CERCS Director at Georgia Tech. Source: CNNMoney.com
Hackers Unite in Yahoo! HackUniversity
Have you ever been at a store and found what seems to be a good deal on a big-ticket item, but you wish you could find out right then and there what competing retailers are charging for the same thing? The winning hack at the recent Yahoo! Hackfest at CoC makes it possible.
Georgia Tech Partners with IBM in 'Cloud Computing' Test
Georgia Tech and Ohio State University are planning today to announce a partnership with IBM Corp. to develop new technologies to advance autonomous computing on the Internet. Specifically, the researchers will focus on "cloud computing" initiatives, which combine the resources of computers in different locations using the Internet. Source: Atlanta Journal Constitution
CoC Students Take a Whack at the Nationals
The Georgia Tech Table Tennis Club Team, whose eight members include five students from the College of Computing, has qualified for the National Collegiate Table Tennis Association National Championship, which will be held April 11-13 in Rochester, Minn.
Getting Students Interested in Robots
Students in robotics start out trying to maneuver a $100 robot, move onto studying robotic vacuum cleaners, and – if they stay in the program long enough – can even work on a driverless car. ”We take them forward, all the way through the undergraduate program and on to the new Ph.D. program,” said Associate Professor Tucker Balch of the School of Interactive Computing. Source: WGCL-TV
Defending Laptops from Zombie Attacks
Researchers at Intel have developed laptop-based security software that adjusts to the way an individual uses the Internet, providing a more dynamic and personalized approach to detecting malicious activity. Nick Feamster, assistant professor in the School of Computer Science, says that the behavioral approach to security hasn't been applied to laptops because there was no automated way of developing personalized rules. But behavioral botnet protection is "very well suited for machine learning," he says. Source: Technology Review
Cha-ching! Computing Grads Make More Money
Graduates of computing programs are in demand and land higher-paying first jobs on average than graduates in most other fields, according to a recent article on Yahoo! Hot Jobs. A survey of 2007 Georgia Tech grads shows that those graduating with a B.S. in Computer Science reported the highest starting salary offer ($84,000) and the second highest median starting salary offer ($60,000) of all students graduating that year. Source: Yahoo! Hot Jobs
CoC Undergrad Wins Undergraduate Research Award
David Rutter, a senior Computer Science major, has been selected by the College of Computing as this year's Outstanding Undergraduate Researcher. The award includes a certificate and a monetary stipend sponsored by the Georgia Tech Research Corporation. Selection for this award was based on David’s long-term, high-quality research work and for recognition of his work outside Georgia Tech.
Intel, Microsoft Fund University Chip Research in Parallel Processing
Intel and Microsoft Corp. will invest $20 million over the next five years to fund software research at UC Berkeley and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to develop a new multicore chip that will put a slew of mini-processors, or cores, on a single sliver of silicon. "This is a really new time in the history of computing, truly a paradigm shift," said David Bader, associate professor in the Computational Science and Engineering Division. Source: San Francisco Chronicle
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Announces Partnerships with Universities
Oak Ridge Associated Universities will fund a series of high-performance computing grants for faculty and student teams. Thomas Zacharia, part-time professor in the Computational Science and Engineering Division and associate laboratory director for ORNL’s Computing and Computational Sciences Directorates, said “We all become stronger if we can bring the best of what the lab has to offer coupled with the best of what the university community has to offer.
Source: The Oak Ridger
Turbulence Study Uses Worlds Largest Supercomputer for Open-Science Research
P.K. Yeung, adjunct professor in the Computational Science and Engineering Division and a leading scholar in the field of turbulence, is working on a study that, when completed, is expected to be a truly unique resource for the international research community and will play a key role in helping re-establish U.S. leadership in large-scale turbulence studies. Source: Grid Today
Finding Industry Funding
For the past 2 years, a response to an RFP has netted two unrestricted grants of about $40,000 for Associate Professor Frank Dellaert of the School of Interactive Computing to develop new online three-dimensional mapping technologies for Microsoft's Virtual Earth. Dellaert says the RFP application process is far less cumbersome than some federal grant applications, which require technical proposals 15 to 60 pages long. "With Microsoft, you write one page of text; there is no budget, just a back-of-the-envelope calculation. It's extremely painless." Source: AAAS Science Magazine
DeMillo Re-Elected to CRA Board
Distinguished Professor and Dean of Computing Richard DeMillo has been re-elected to the Computing Research Association (CRA) Board of Directors. DeMillo’s new three-year term begins July 1, 2008. Two other CoC affiliates also are current CRA Board members: Professor Mary Jean Harrold of the School of Computer Science and alumna Annie I. Anton, a three-time graduate of the College of Computing (Ph.D. 1997, M.S. 1992, and B.S. 1990). Source: CRA
Laser-Guided Robot Creates a “Clickable World”
A robot that can pick up objects and hand them to people suffering from degenerative diseases, co-created by Assistant Professor Charlie Kemp of the Robotics and Intelligent Machines Center (RIM@GT), was unveiled March 12 at a conference in Amsterdam. Kemp, who is also director of Georgia Tech's Center for Healthcare Robotics, said his team focused on the ways the robot could interact with humans, not act like one. "How can you make robots that are actually useful? That was bugging me," Kemp said. "And it's a hard question to answer — that's why I'm happy with this." Source: AJC
Curriculum Changes Draw New Students
“Georgia Tech has done a lot to revise their curriculum, and besides robotics they have a pretty cool media computation program that is attracting a lot of students,” said Alfred Thompson, K-12 Computer Science Academic Relations Manager for Microsoft, about reports that the number of newly declared undergraduate majors at doctoral-granting computer science departments is up for the first time since 2000. Source: MSDN
CAPTCHAs Don’t Work Anymore
In a blog post last month, Distinguished Professor and Dean of Computing Richard DeMillo described CAPTCHAs, the distorted text used as a security test to thwart Spammers and other Web site abuse, as “a leaking levee facing a hundred-year storm.” Now ABC News reports that Spam originating from Google's Gmail domain doubled last month, indicating that spammers are still defeating the CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart). Source: Virtual Blight
CHI Academy to Induct College of Computing Professor
School of Interactive Computing's Distinguished Professor Gregory Abowd will join the Computer Human Interaction Academy, an honorary group of scientists who are leading and shaping the study of HCI, at the CHI 2008 conference in Florence, Italy in April. “[Abowd’s] mathematical background is evident in the rigorous analysis that is the basis of his many research papers, and his work has led the way in demonstrating how ubicomp can solve real problems in our everyday lives,” according to the group’s website.
CoC Team Wins Funding for Research into Early Diagnosis of ASD
Distinguished Professor Gregory Abowd, Associate Professor James Rehg, and Senior Research Scientist Rosa Arriaga – all of the School of Interactive Computing – have been awarded $50,000 in research funds by Microsoft Research for their work in developing behavioral imaging technologies to help in the early detection of Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD). They are working to develop an automated system for searching and coding video of social interaction studies.
CoC Alumnus Receives $50,000 for Alzheimer’s Research
Anind Dey (Ph.D. in Computer Science, 2000) has been awarded a research grant from Microsoft’s Intelligent Systems for Assisted Cognition RFP for his work on creating a system to help patients with Alzheimer’s recall episodic memories more effectively. Dey, now an Assistant Professor in the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, is developing and evaluating a memory prosthesis that uses contextual cues and automated techniques for determining what cues will help with memory recollection.
Shift Towards Autonomy will be Gradual
"Robotics systems may have the potential to out-perform humans from a perspective of the laws of war and the rules of engagement," Ronald Arkin, Regents' Professor, told a conference on technology in warfare at Stanford University last month. He agrees that the shift towards autonomy will be gradual. Source: The Age
Ethical Control Systems for Military Robots
Ronald Arkin, Regents' Professor, suggests trying to design ethical control systems that make military robots respect the Geneva Convention and other rules of engagement on the battlefield. He is using computer simulations to test whether ethical control systems can be used in battlefield scenarios, some of which are modeled on real-life events. Source: NewScientist
Headed Toward an International Robot Arms Race?
Robotics experts are at odds over ethical concerns in what some see as the beginning of an international robot arms race. The concern arises over having robots decide when to “pull the trigger.” Ronald Arkin, Regents' Professor, points out that human combatants are far from perfect on the battlefield. “With a robot I can be sure that a robot will never harbour the intention to hurt a non-combatant. Ultimately they will be able to perform better than humans.” Source: ThomasNet
Computer Science is the New Sexy
Giselle Martin, student recruitment director at the College of Computing, credits the new revised curriculum and ever widening job prospects for a 15 percent increase in undergraduate applications this year. “We’re placing students in Silicon Valley and all over the United States of course, but also in health care firms in Chile and embassies in Japan,” Martin said. “This is geek chic. Our students are getting sexy jobs.” Source: Inside Higher Ed
HP to Unveil Big Revamp in its Famed Labs
Associate Professor David Bader, Executive Director of High-Performance Computing, comments "There has to be a shorter time span between innovative ideas and that tech transfer. It changes the traditional model of doing research and doing a slow handoff to industry and seeing it in a product in 10 to 20 years. Instead it's down to two and half to three years." Source: MarketWatch
Autonomous Robots: Friend or Foe?
Regents' Professor Ronald Arkin and others are discussing robot ethics at length at a symposium called "The Ethics & Legal Implications of Unmanned Vehicles for Defence and Security Purposes," hosted by the Royal United Services Institute in London. Source: MSNBC
Computer Scientists and Journalists Look for a Common Agenda
One of the most memorable aspects of the Computation + Journalism Symposium was the fact that there were almost as many people live blogging the event as there were people in the room giving presentations. Source: NSDL
Computing Alum Noel Rappin Announces Newest Book: “Professional Ruby on Rails”
Pathfinder, a leading agile development and user experience design firm, announces the release of Noel Rappin’s newest book “Bullet Professional Ruby On Rails”. Rappin is Pathfinder’s Director of Ruby on Rails Practice and has previously co-authored “wxPython in Action” and “Jython Essentials”. Source: Pathfinder
Computing Assistant Professors Nick Feamster and Adam Kalai Win Sloan Fellowships
Two School of Computer Science faculty members, Nick Feamster in the
Networking and Telecommunications Group and GTISC, and Adam Kalai in
the Theory Group and ARC ThinkTank, have been awarded the prestigious
Alfred P. Sloan fellowships for 2008.
Computing + Journalism – A Great First Date
More than 200 people -- a mix of academics and professionals, editors and reporters, journalists and Web developers (including the two Knight Challenge journalist-programmer scholarship winners) -- came together to talk about the ways technology is changing journalism. Source: PBS
Leadership Forum: Computing Dean Discusses Top IT Trends in Higher Ed
"Technology on campuses is starting to borrow customer-service techniques from Amazon and other online businesses. Or at least it needs to in order to meet the growing demands for such services from students," argued Richard A. DeMillo, Dean of Computing and Distinguished Professor. Source: Chronicle of Higher Education
Kitchen Science Investigators Get the Gray Matter Cooking
Kitchen Science Investigators, a research project led by Regents' Professor Janet Kolodner, is focused on implementing an educational program in which elementary and middle school students learn science and scientific reasoning through cooking. Watch CNN Coverage
First Journalism 3G Conference Brings Together Journalists and Computer Scientists
The Journalism 3G conference on February 22-22 will allow journalists and computer scientists, students and professionals, to share perspectives on the intersection of journalism and technology. Speakers include Krishna Bharat, principal scientist at Google and creator of Google News; Michael Skoler, executive director of the Center for Innovation in Journalism at American Public Media. Source: PBS
"Bionic" Contact Lens May Create Tiny Personal Displays
A new contact lens embedded with electronic circuits could be the seed for "bionic eyes" that can see displays overlaid on a person's field of view, researchers say. "If it works, it would be fabulous," said College of Computing Associate Professor Blair MacIntyre, who heads the Augmented Environments Lab. Source: National Geographic News
DNS Flaw Makes Phishing Scams Invisible
"Corrupted DNS Resolution Paths" was presented by College of Computing researchers David Dagon, Chris Lee and Wenke Lee, and Niels Provos of Google, at the Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS) in San Diego. Source: PC Advisor
Georgia Tech Creates New Ph.D. Program in Computational Science And Engineering
The Colleges of Computing, Engineering, and Sciences at Georgia Tech today announced the creation of a new doctoral degree in Computational Science and Engineering (CSE), a cooperative, truly interdisciplinary effort between the three academic units spearheaded by the Computational Science and Engineering division in the College of Computing.
Interactive Computing Professor Jim Foley Elected to the National Academy of Engineering
Dr. Jim Foley, founding director of the GVU Center, former CEO of Yamacraw, SIGCHI Lifetime Achievement Award winner, SIGGRAPH Steven Coons Award winner, Georgia Tech grad student superlative “Most Likely to Make Students Want to Grow Up to be Professors” winner, AAAS, ACM, and IEEE fellow, professor and author, has been elected to one of America’s most prestigious engineering institutions. Source: National Academy of Engineering
Encryption Is Easy Way to Keep Prying Eyes Out of Your Hard Drive
Assistant Professor Jonathon Giffin comments on how long it could take to break into hard drives protected by an encryption program. "The expected time it would take is years, decades, unless you have extremely powerful computers." Source: ABC News
Lockheed to Continue DARPA Work
Lockheed Martin Corp. is teaming up with College of Computing Associate Professor Ashwin Ram and researchers at other research institutions to develop technology designed to keep pilots safe while flying over battlefields. Source: Washington Technology
Researchers Design a Breath-Operated Computer Interface
The Blowable and Localized User Interaction interface that doctoral candidate Shwetak Patel and professor Gregory Abowd developed could help people work with computers when they can’t use their hands because they are either busy with other tasks or have a disability or injury. Source: IEEE Computer Magazine
Home Safe Home - For Those Eager To Grow Old In The Comfort Of Home, High-Tech Solutions Help
As people age, staying at home has become much more of a
luxury. Computing distinguished professor Gregory Abowd demonstrates how
advances in technology are helping people care for their loved ones under their
own roof. Source: CBS Evening News
Georgia Tech to Offer First Truly Interdisciplinary Robotics Ph.D. in the U.S.
The Colleges of Computing and Engineering at Georgia Tech today
announced the nation’s first truly interdisciplinary doctoral degree in
robotics to be offered at Georgia Tech. The program, which starts fall
semester of 2008, was developed through Georgia Tech’s Center for
Robotics and Intelligent Machines (RIM@Georgia Tech).
Book on the Transformative History of HCI Includes Perspectives from Influential Computing Faculty
Three College of Computing faculty members have written chapters in the recently published book by MIT Press titled HCI Remixed: Reflections on Works That have Influenced the HCI Community.
The book is a collection of fifty-one essays on a range of works in a
variety of forms that chart the emergence of many new fields in
Human-Computer Interaction.