My friend Joel and I were driving up to Tennessee to go white water rafting on the Ocoee river. We had recently read an article in the NY Times by Michael Pollan talking about the effects of corn domestication in America (reprinted below). On the way through North Georgia, we passed large corn fields and even larger patches of kudzu. "Listen up men!" I said, pretending to be the commander of the corn legions. "Before we can take over the world, we must conquer our foes the kudzu. Although we are surrounded and outnumbered here, we will prevail because we have enslaved the humans." Joel says, "Not so loud. Wait til we get out of EARshot." "Yeah, we wouldn't want them STALKing us on the way home." The discussion then turned to the nightmarish possibilities of a Corn-Kudzu hybrid and the corn conspiracy to increase global warming, allowing them to expand their territory to the Arctic circle.
Anyhow, that story and the two puns are really just a thin excuse to reprint the short article which says some very interesting things about the revenge effects of technology and how what you don't know really can kill you if you're not careful.
July 19, 2002, New York Times
By Michael Pollan
CORNWALL BRIDGE, Conn. - Here in southern New England the corn is already waist high and growing so avidly you can
almost hear the creak of stalk and leaf as the plants stretch toward the sun. The ears of sweet corn are just
starting to show up on local farm stands, inaugurating one of the ceremonies of an American summer. These days the
nation's nearly 80 million-acre field of corn rolls across the countryside like a second great lawn, but this
wholesome, all-American image obscures a decidedly more dubious reality.
Like the tulip, the apple and the potato, zea mays (the botanical name for both sweet and feed corn) has evolved
with humans over the past 10,000 years or so in the great dance of species we call domestication. The plant gratifies
human needs, in exchange for which humans expand the plant's habitat, moving its genes all over the world and
remaking the land (clearing trees, plowing the ground, protecting it from its enemies) so it might thrive.
Corn, by making itself tasty and nutritious, got itself noticed by Christopher Columbus, who helped expand its
range from the New World to Europe and beyond. Today corn is the world's most widely planted cereal crop. But nowhere
have humans done quite as much to advance the interests of this plant as in North America, where zea mays has
insinuated itself into our landscape, our food system - and our federal budget.
One need look no further than the $190 billion farm bill President Bush signed last month to wonder whose interests
are really being served here. Under the 10-year program, taxpayers will pay farmers $4 billion a year to grow ever
more corn, this despite the fact that we struggle to get rid of the surplus the plant already produces. The average
bushel of corn (56 pounds) sells for about $2 today; it costs farmers more than $3 to grow it. But rather than
design a program that would encourage farmers to plant less corn - which would have the benefit of lifting the price
farmers receive for it - Congress has decided instead to subsidize corn by the bushel, thereby insuring that zea
mays dominion over its 125,000-square mile American habitat will go unchallenged.
At first blush this subsidy might look like a handout for farmers, but really it's a form of welfare for the plant
itself - and for all those economic interests that profit from its overproduction: the processors, factory farms, and
the soft drink and snack makers that rely on cheap corn. For zea mays has triumphed by making itself indispensable
not to farmers (whom it is swiftly and surely bankrupting) but to the Archer Daniels Midlands, Tysons and Coca-Colas
of the world.
Our entire food supply has undergone a process of "cornification" in recent years, without our even noticing
it. That's because, unlike in Mexico, where a corn-based diet has been the norm for centuries, in the United States
most of the corn we consume is invisible, having been heavily processed or passed through food animals before it
reaches us. Most of the animals we eat (chickens, pigs and cows) today subsist on a diet of corn, regardless of
whether it is good for them. In the case of beef cattle, which evolved to eat grass, a corn diet wreaks havoc on
their digestive system, making it necessary to feed them antibiotics to stave off illness and infection. Even
farm-raised salmon are being bred to tolerate corn - not a food their evolution has prepared them for. Why feed fish
corn? Because it's the cheapest thing you can feed any animal, thanks to federal subsidies. But even with more
than half of the 10 billion bushels of corn produced annually being fed to animals, there is plenty left over.
So companies like A.D.M., Cargill and ConAgra have figured ingenious new ways to dispose of it, turning it into
everything from ethanol to Vitamin C and biodegradable plastics.
By far the best strategy for keeping zea mays in business has been the development of high-fructose corn syrup, which
has all but pushed sugar aside. Since the 1980's, most soft drink manufacturers have switched from sugar to corn
sweeteners, as have most snack makers. Nearly 10 percent of the calories Americans consume now come from corn
sweeteners; the figure is 20 percent for many children. Add to that all the corn-based animal protein (corn-fed beef,
chicken and pork) and the corn qua corn (chips, muffins, sweet corn) and you have a plant that has become one of
nature's greatest success stories, by turning us (along with several other equally unwitting species) into an
expanding race of corn eaters.
So why begrudge corn its phenomenal success? Isn't this the way domestication is supposed to work?
The problem in corn's case is that we're sacrificing the health of both our bodies and the environment by growing
and eating so much of it. Though we're only beginning to understand what our cornified food system is doing to our
health, there's cause for concern. It's probably no coincidence that the wholesale switch to corn sweeteners in
the 1980's marks the beginning of the epidemic of obesity and Type 2 diabetes in this country. Sweetness became so
cheap that soft drink makers, rather than lower their prices, super-sized their serving portions and marketing
budgets. Thousands of new sweetened snack foods hit the market, and the amount of fructose in our diets soared.
This would be bad enough for the American waistline, but there's also preliminary research suggesting that
high-fructose corn syrup is metabolized differently than other sugars, making it potentially more harmful. A recent
study at the University of Minnesota found that a diet high in fructose (as compared to glucose) elevates triglyceride
levels in men shortly after eating, a phenomenon that has been linked to an increased risk of obesity and heart
disease. Little is known about the health effects of eating animals that have themselves eaten so much corn, but in the
case of cattle, researchers have found that corn-fed beef is higher in saturated fats than grass-fed beef.
We know a lot more about what 80 million acres of corn is doing to the health of our environment: serious and lasting
damage. Modern corn hybrids are the greediest of plants, demanding more nitrogen fertilizer than any other crop.
Corn requires more pesticide than any other food crop. Runoff from these chemicals finds its way into the
groundwater and, in the Midwestern corn belt, into the Mississippi River, which carries it to the Gulf of Mexico,
where it has already killed off marine life in a 12,000 square mile area.
To produce the chemicals we apply to our cornfields takes vast amounts of oil and natural gas. (Nitrogen fertilizer
is made from natural gas, pesticides from oil.) America's corn crop might look like a sustainable, solar-powered
system for producing food, but it is actually a huge, inefficient, polluting machine that guzzles fossil fuel - a
half a gallon of it for every bushel.
So it seems corn has indeed become king. We have given it more of our land than any other plant, an area more than
twice the size of New York State. To keep it well fed and safe from predators we douse it with chemicals that poison
our water and deepen our dependence on foreign oil. And then in order to dispose of all the corn this cracked
system has produced, we eat it as fast as we can in as many ways as we can - turning the fat of the land into, well,
fat. One has to wonder whether corn hasn't at last succeeded in domesticating us.
Michael Pollan is the author, most recently, of "The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World."
